서양미술사 2014 정헌이. 왜 우리는 예술을 공부할까 ? 예술작품을 통하여 우리 자신의 창의적 표현과 과거의 창 의적 표현에 대해 배우고 이해한다. 예술은 과거와 현재의 갭을 연결해준다. 예술은 문자 기록을 남기지 않은 문화를 탐구하는 일차적 수단이 될 수 있다.

Presentation on theme: "서양미술사 2014 정헌이. 왜 우리는 예술을 공부할까 ? 예술작품을 통하여 우리 자신의 창의적 표현과 과거의 창 의적 표현에 대해 배우고 이해한다. 예술은 과거와 현재의 갭을 연결해준다. 예술은 문자 기록을 남기지 않은 문화를 탐구하는 일차적 수단이 될 수 있다."— Presentation transcript:

1 서양미술사 2014 정헌이

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4 왜 우리는 예술을 공부할까 ? 예술작품을 통하여 우리 자신의 창의적 표현과 과거의 창 의적 표현에 대해 배우고 이해한다. 예술은 과거와 현재의 갭을 연결해준다. 예술은 문자 기록을 남기지 않은 문화를 탐구하는 일차적 수단이 될 수 있다. 예 ) 구석기 시대 동굴벽화, 선사시대 유적지 등 예술은 인간의 사고와 감정을 향해 열린 창이다. 서로 다른 시대, 문화의 사람들이 생존에 대한 열망, 자신 을 정의하고 이해하고 싶은 소망 등등을 어떻게 다르게 전 개시켰는지, 그리고 그럼에도 불구하고 어떻게 그들을 인 류로서 연대시키고 있는지 알 수 있다.

5 예술적 충동 (the artistic impulse) 본능적인 제작 충동 (A natural impulse to build ) 무질서로부터 질서를, 무형에서 형태를 창작하려는 충동 기념비 : 죽음 이후에도 뭔가 기억될 수 있는 것을 남기고 자 하는 소망 (A memorial: The wish to leave behind after death a product of value by which to remembered. Homo Ludens : 유희하는 인간

6 The Value of Art Material Value Intrinsic Value Religious Value Patriotic Value Other Symbolic Values

7 Paul Cezanne, Still Life, 1895 Most of us would agree that this painting would qualify as a work of art. We recognize the subject matter, the material and the skill needed in order to paint.

8 “Flag Gate” Artist Unknown, 1876 This is an image of a fence gate, made out of wood, iron, brass and paint. We don’t know who made it, but they obviously had great imagination and skill. Notice the strength of this visual symbol, the sense of movement, the technique used in the details, the shadows cast between the red and white stripes adds depth, and how the subject matter expresses ideas, feelings and values.

9 Art Is …. The special expression of IDEAS, FEELINGS, and VALUES in perceptible form. (To perceive something is to be able to see, hear, taste, smell or touch it.) Therefore if we use this definition, both the still life and the fence gate can be considered art.

10 ART HISTORY TIMELINE 15,000 B.C. Cave Art 400 - 100 B.C. Greek and Roman Art 800 – 1300 AD Medieva l Art 1400 – 1500 AD The Renaissanc e 1800 Romanticis m 1875 AD Impression Abstract Expressionism 1950 1970 - 1990 Modernism Post Modernism 2003 Contemporary

11 Cave Art and the Stone Age Man 1500 B.C. We see and understand the world as we are taught to; according to the representations and symbols that are particular to our time and place.

12 Communication and Ritual We know have come to understand that ancient man used cave art both for religious/sacred purposes and communication.

13 African Cave Art Stone Age Man used cave art to communicate and mark his experience. In most cave art, we see symbols and representations of animals and hunters which were drawn with skill, fluidity, and beauty.

14 ART HISTORY TIMELINE 15,000 B.C. Cave Art 400 - 100 B.C. Greek and Roman Art 800 – 1300 AD Medieva l Art 1400 – 1500 AD The Renaissanc e 1800 AD Romanticis m 1875 Impression Abstract Expressionism 1950 1970 - 1990 Modernism Post Modernism 2003 Contemporary

15 Ancient Greek and Roman Art With the rise of Greek civilization, many NEW ideas were brought to the western world. Ideas around government, art and philosophy now dominated society.

16 The Ideal Man …… “Discobolos” Myron, 450 B.C. The Greeks concerned themselves with ideas focusing on the nature of truth, goodness and perfection. The Greeks also undertook intellectual development and physical fitness. Art has always been a reflection of society, and we are able to understand the ancient Greek society through their art.

17 Nike Of Samothrace 190 B.C. This sculpture, done in marble, is of Nike, the Goddess of Victory. For the first time we see natural, graceful poses which represent the “ideal”, strength, and movement

18 ART HISTORY TIMELINE 15,000 B.C. Cave Art 400 - 100 B.C. Greek and Roman Art 800 – 1300 AD Medieva l Art 1400 – 1500 AD The Renaissance 1800 AD Romanticism 1875 Impression Abstract Expressionism 1950 1970 - 1990 Modernism Post Modernism 2003 Contemporary

19 Medieval Art Medieval Ages, also known as the Middle Ages spans over a thousand years. Within that time, the world saw the rise of the Vikings, King Arthur, The Black Plague, the Spanish Inquisition, etc. The various forms of societies can be seen in the various forms of art, all of which focused around one major theme; Religion

20 Illuminated Manuscripts 700 – 900 AD Illuminated Manuscripts were created by monks. Monks were the only people who were educated at the time. Monks would draw and decorate bibles, essentially making Biblical Picture Books Styles would vary and all of these works were created in the name of God.

21 “St. Matthew”, 800 AD

22 Romanesque Period, 1000 BC St. George and the Dragon This period was known for it’s symbolism and non- realistic and overly large figures

23 Gothic Period “Carrying the Cross” H. Bosch, 1502 Period known for its Cathedrals Figures appeared more natural than earlier Romanesque Period Art showed warmth and emotion

24 ART HISTORY TIMELINE 15,000 B.C. Cave Art 400 - 100 B.C. Greek and Roman Art 800 – 1300 ad Medieva l Art 1400 – 1500 AD The Renaissance 1800 AD Romanticism 1875 AD Impression Abstract Expressionism 1950 1970 - 1990 Post Modernism 2003 Contemporary

25 Renaissance Art 1400 – 1600 “Virtuvian Man” Leonardo advance, 1492 French word meaning Rebirth The most drastic challenge and change in how art was made. Emphasis moved away from religion and focused on the dignity and worth of humanity

26 “ The Birth of Venus” 1482 There was an interest in painting landscapes, mythological scenes, historical events and prominent people. Art moves away from the stiff, un-life like forms of Medieval art, and we see the use of the golden mean.

27 Michelangelo Sistine Chapel The two most famous artists of the Renaissance were Leonardo and Michelangelo. Artists were now being paid by patrons for their work.

28 ART HISTORY TIMELINE 15,000 B.C. Cave Art 400 - 100 B.C. Greek and Roman Art 800 – 1300 ad Medieva l Art 1400 – 1500 AD The Renaissanc e 1800 AD Romanticis m 1875 AD Impression Abstract Expressionism 1950 1970 - 1990 Modernism Post Modernism 2003 Contemporary

29 Romanticism Consisted of a desire to return to nature There was a backlash against the religious and social order Emphasis was placed on sentimental and emotional beauty “Conversation in the Park” Richard Gainsborough, 1740

30 “The Jolly Floatboatmen”, George Bingham, 1846 The American painter Bingham pictured life of river men on the Missouri river in a Romantic style. Even though their lives were exhausting and dangerous, here they are portrayed as easygoing and having fun.

31 ART HISTORY TIMELINE 15,000 B.C. Cave Art 400 - 100 B.C. Greek and Roman Art 800 – 1300 AD Medieva l Art 1400 – 1500 AD The Renaissanc e 1800 Romanticis m 1800 Impression Abstract Expressionism 1950 1970 - 1990 Modernism Post Modernism 2003 Contemporary

32 Impressionism, 1850 – 1880 “By the Sea Shore”, Renoir, 1883 Impressionism was an art movement that reacted against the Realism in art that came before it. Instead of painting exactly what the eye saw, artists were now concerned with how light and atmosphere played and changed an image.

33 “Rouen Cathedral”, Monet, 1894

34 ART HISTORY TIMELINE 15,000 B.C. Cave Art 400 - 100 B.C. Greek and Roman Art 800 – 1300 BC Medieva l Art 1400 – 1500 BC The Renaissance 1800 BC Romanticism 1875 Impression Abstract Expressionism 1950 1970 - 1990 Post Modernism 2003 Contemporary

35 Abstract Expressionism,1950 “Woman IV, 1952, de Kooning The work done by artists since the 1950’s is said to be as influential on the art world as the masters of the Renaissance were in how they challenged and changed the way art was made.

36 “Number Eight”, 1949,Jackson Pollock With the end of WWII, many European artists moved to America and the art center shifted from Europe to North America. Most of these artists would start with a single mark on their canvas, and then add texture, colour and shapes until the canvas was full. It was a spontaneous process.

37 These artist believed that true expression could only come from the subconscious, a spontaneous, non-objective, spiritual expression.

38 ART HISTORY TIMELINE 15,000 B.C. Cave Art 400 - 100 B.C. Greek and Roman Art 800 – 1300 ad Medieva l Art 1400 – 1500 AD The Renaissance 1800 AD Romanticism 1875 AD Impression Abstract Expressionism 1950 1970 - 1990 Post Modernism 2003 Contemporary

39 “Object”, Meret Oppenhiem, 1936 From the beginning of the 20 th century we have seen an important shift from historical ideas to critical ideas.

40 “Fountain”, Duchamp, 1917 In 1914 Marcel Duchamp (1887- 1968) invented the 'ready-made', the common object, taken from its usual context and re- employed as the artist's "work", with the purpose of profaning, ridiculing the concept of art.

41 Constantin Brancusi, Bird in Space, 1927 A trial in New York City in 1927 Edward Steichen vs. New York City Manufactured material? “Kitchen Utensils and Hospital Supplies” The Bird is a bird at all? Can the artist make it a bird by calling it one? Does it have certain characteristics of ‘birdness”?

42 Claus Oldenburg, 1976 Post Modernism was brought on by technology, computers and globalization. It is characterized by lighthearted playfulness.

43 Post Modern Art, 1970 – 1990 The Guerrilla Girls Post Modernism attempts to break down the “institution” and the “old school” way of thought.

44 Installation Art “Birthday”, E. Kienholz, 1964 Installation art is site- specific and usually consists of an ensemble of objects or effects that work together to create a whole.

45 “Techno Buddha”, 1995, Nam Juin Piak Post Modern Artists believe that there is a need to re- examine our basic assumptions of life There is also an examination of personal spiritual beliefs, and a critic of organized religion.

46 “Wrapped Reichstag”, Christo, 1995 Despite the fact that Installation art usually presents itself in the context of the gallery, it is not typical gallery art because it has little, if any, commercial value. Installation art must be displayed and subsequently dismantled, leaving documentation as its only trace.

47 “Running Fence”, Christo A 24 mile long, 18 foot high fence of white fabric stretched across the hills of California. The project was conceived as a work of art for Sonoma and Marin counties and took nearly four years to complete. Once finished and after a short period of time, the fence was taken down and the materials were given to the people whose land the fence was built on.

48 “Deep Water”, Judy Pfaff, Judy Pfaff installs thousands of disposable items over the surface of a space in order to evoke the feeling of an underwater garden or some other dreamlike fantasy world

49 Art and Illusion Rene Magritte, The Betrayal of Images, “This is Not a Pipe”, 1928 Image is lifelike? Naturalistic? Illusionistic? Trompe l’oeil?

50 Examples of Illusion and Ttrompe l ’ oeil Zeuxis ( 제욱시스 ) 의 포도 솔거의 소나무 Gitto( 지오토 ) 의 파리 Duane Hanson ( 듀안 핸슨 ) 의 조각 Ovid ’ s tale of Pygmalion and Galatea

51 Petrus Christus, Portrait of a Carthusian, 1446.

52 Duane Hanson, Traveller, 1985/87

53 Jean-Léon Gérôme Pygmalion und Galatea, 1890

54 Traditions Equating Artists with Gods 신은 실재를 창조했고 예술가는 일루전을 창조한다는 생각은 예술가를 신에 비교하는 전통을 낳았다. 신은 자연 자체를 만들었고, 예술가는 자연의 복제 replica 를 만든다 ? Both are seen as creators 르네상스 시대 예술가상은 또다른 신, 혹은 신의 자손이라 자처했다. God as Architect, from the Bible Moralisee, Reims, France. Mid 13 th century

55 Art and Identification 예술이 어떻게 시작되었는가와 관련된 전설 Reflections and Shadows 그림자를 잃어버릴까봐 걱정하는 피터 팬 나르시서스 신화 로마 작가 Quintilian: 최초의 그림은 그림자의 윤곽선을 A Greek legend attributes the first sculpture to a woman who traced the shadow of the man she loved

56 Works of Art  형태를 창조하려는 충동에 의해서만 영감을 받는 것이 아니라 이미 존재하는 형태들을 발견하거나 인식하고, 그것을 포착하고 보존하고자 하는 열정에 의해서도 영감을 받는다  Inspired not only by the impulse to create form, but also by the discovery or recognition of forms that already exist and the wish to capture and preserve them

57 Stylistic Terminology Figurative: 알아볼 수 있는 인간이나 동물의 형태를 유사하게 재현하는 것 (representing the likeness of a recognizable human or animal figure) Realistic: 대상을 정확하게 있는 그대로 묘사하려는 시도 (attempting to depict objects accurately, as they actually are) Representational: 자연의 대상을 인식가능한 형태로 재현하는 것 representing natural objects in recognizable form (it may be stylized, romanticized, idealized, nonrepresentational, nonobjective, abstract … )

58 Subject Matter and Content Subject Matter: what is represented, such as figures, landscape, inanimate objects, or formal elements such as lines and shapes. –Human or animal figures –Landscape –Still life –Genre Painting (scenes of everyday life) Content: themes or ideas contained in a work and may include its subject matter

59 The language of the Visual Artist Form: Balance Line: Expressive Qualities of Line Shape: Expressive Qualities of Shape Light and Color value Intensity Texture

60 Description Look at the work of art here What do you see?

61 Red room Wall paper Chairs, wooden, cane seat Table, table cloth Woman Fruit & wine Cut flowers in vase Window Landscape Trees, bushes, flowers, building Colors- red, blue,green, yellow, white, black

62 Analysis Look again at the painting by Henri Matisse How is the work arranged? 구성에 입각해, 혹은 예술적 요소들을 조직하기 위해 미적 원칙들이 사용되는 방식에 따라 그림을 잘라보자. Break down the painting into its composition, or the way the art principles are used to organize the art elements.

63 ELEMENTS OF ART/DESIGN Color= 색 Line= 선 Shape= 모양 Form= 형태, 형식 Space= 공간 Texture= 질감

64 ELEMENTS OF ART/DESIGN Color=red- jarring color blue, yellow, green, black, white Line=straight-outline table, chairs / curvy- flower pattern Shape=geometric / organic Form= flattened Space=crowded space, flattened plane Texture=patterns

65 PRINCIPLES OF ART/DESIGN Unity= 통일성 Balance= 균형 Contrast= 대비 Emphasis= 강조 Movement= 율동감, 동적 요소 Rhythm= 리듬감 Proportion= 균형, 비례

66 Interpretation What do you think Matisse is trying to communicate? 수집한 단서들을 바탕으로 자신의 의견을 만들어보자. Give your opinion based on the clues you have collected. 이 작품이 소통하고 있는 아이디어, 무드, 감정, 이야기는 무엇일까 ? What ideas, moods, emotions, and stories do you think the artwork communicates?

67 마티스의 이 그림에서 붉은 색이 지배적인 색상이다. In Matisse's Harmony in Red (Red Room) 1908-9, red is the predominant color in the painting. 이 붉은 색이 어떤 생각이 들게 하나 ? How does the predominant redness make you feel?

68 붉은 색은 대체로 우리로 하여금 따스한 느낌을 갖게 한다. 붉은 색은 태양이나 화염을 연상시키기 때문이지만, 또한 붉은 색 자체가 우리를 신체적으로 자극하고 긴장시키는 효과를 가지기 때문이다. 차가운 색상보다 따스한 색상에서 더 큰 에너지가 반사된다. “ 따스한 ” 색상이란 붉은색, 주황색, 노란색 등으로, 실질적으로, 혹은 심리적으로 열기를 야기시킨다고 생각되는 색상이다.

69 예술가들은 관람자의 느낌에 영향을 주는 색채의 힘을 이해하고 있다. 미술사를 통틀어 예술가들은 회화의 감정적 내용을 전달하고 또 고양시키기 위해 색채를 활용해왔다. 20 세기 초에 와서는 작가들이 그들의 감정에 대한 직접적인 번역으로서 색채에 주목하기 시작했고, 색채를 감정적 힘으로 사용하기 시작했다. ( 야수파, 독일 표현주의 )

70 붉은 색 대신 푸른 색이나 녹색이 쓰였다면 이 그림에 대한 우리들의 느낌은 어땠을까 ? 이 그림은 세단계를 거쳤다. 마티스는 처음에는 녹색이었던 이 그림을 1908 년 살롱 도톤느에 출품할 때 푸른 색으로 바꾸었다가 러시아 수집상인 슈추킨 (Shchukin) 에게 판매했을 때 최종적으로 붉은 색으로 바꾸어 배달했다. 이 그림이 걸릴 장소는 슈추킨의 식당이었다 많은 레스토랑이 붉은 색 인터리어를 한 이유는 손님들이 허기를 느끼게 하고, 보다 많은 음식을 주문하게 하고, 또 평소보다 빨리 먹도록 하고자 하는 이유에서라고 한다. 붉은 색은 우리의 평소의 에너지 레벨을 고양시킨다

71 이 그림의 최종 목적지 (Shchukin dining room) 가 마티스의 색상이나 주제 선택에 형향을 미쳤을까 ?

72 이 작품에서 마티스는 원근법을 제한적으로 사용했다. 테이블 윤곽선을 부분적으로 생략했고, 의자와 창문, 또 창문 밖 작은 집의 테두리, 녹색과 푸른색의 두 면의 프레임들을 잘라냈다.

73 Judgment 이 그림은 성공적인가 ? 그렇지 않은가 ? 그 이유는 무엇인가 ?