Human impacts on marine biota

Presentation on theme: "Human impacts on marine biota"— Presentation transcript:

1 Human impacts on marine biota
Harvest biota; Carry out mariculture; Reclaim land; Dam rivers; Dredge harbors … … … Dumping sites; Pollutants release; Eutrophication Loss of biota; Loss of habitats; Disrupt marine ecosystem

2 표 9.1 산업 활동이 환경에 미치는 주요 영향 수산업 어구 어법 부수 어획 폐기 댐 건설 도시 발달 해운 산호 채취

3 Fisheries impacts Removal of fish and shellfish + by-catch Effects
Surface waters Species composition nutrient concentrations (f-ratio) Mid-water & benthic Dumping of dead by-catch Disruptive habitat change

4

5 Advances in fishing technology
Fishing fleets Fishing gears Catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE) Climate change Overfishing Dam – anadromous fish (salmon) By-catch dischard

6 overfishing of cod, haddock, and hake stocks
Figure 9.2 Changes in the relative abundance of different fish species on Georges Bank U.S.A., between 1963 and 1992, foIIowing overfishing of cod, haddock, and hake stocks (Data from the National Marine Fisheries Service, U.S.A.)

7 Marine pollutants Definition: Marine pollution has been defined by
the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) “the introduction by humans, directly or indirectly, of substances or energy sources into the marine environment resulting in deleterious effects such as harm to living resources; hazards to human health; hindrance to marine activities, including fishing; impairment of the quality of seawater; and reduction of amenities.” Table 9.2

8 Marine pollution Marine pollution occurs when harmful effects, or potentially harmful effects, can result from the entry into the ocean of chemicals, particles, industrial, agricultural and residential waste, noise, or the spread of invasive organisms. Most sources of marine pollution are land based. The pollution often comes from nonpoint sources such as agricultural runoff and wind blown debris. Many potentially toxic chemicals adhere to tiny particles which are then taken up by plankton and benthos animals, most of which are either deposit or filter feeders. In this way, the toxins are concentrated upward within ocean food chains. Many particles combine chemically in a manner highly depletive of oxygen, causing estuaries to become anoxic. When pesticides are incorporated into the marine ecosystem, they quickly become absorbed into marine food webs. Once in the food webs, these pesticides can cause mutations, as well as diseases, which can be harmful to humans as well as the entire food web. Toxic metals can also be introduced into marine food webs. These can cause a change to tissue matter, biochemistry, behaviour, reproduction, and suppress growth in marine life. Also, many animal feeds have a high fish meal or fish hydrolysate content. In this way, marine toxins can be transferred to land animals, and appear later in meat and dairy products. (

9 Pathways of pollution Acidification Eutrophication Plastic debris Toxins Noise pollution Adaptation and mitigation

10 Pathways of pollution Direct discharge Land runoff Ship pollution
Atmospheric pollution Deep sea mining Pathways of pollution There are many different ways to categorize, and examine the inputs of pollution into our marine ecosystems. Patin (n.d.) notes that generally there are three main types of inputs of pollution into the ocean: direct discharge of waste into the oceans, runoff into the waters due to rain, and pollutants that are released from the atmosphere. One common path of entry by contaminants to the sea are rivers. The evaporation of water from oceans exceeds precipitation. The balance is restored by rain over the continents entering rivers and then being returned to the sea. The Hudson in New York State and the Raritan in New Jersey, which empty at the northern and southern ends of Staten Island, are a source of mercury contamination of zooplankton (copepods) in the open ocean. The highest concentration in the filter-feeding copepods is not at the mouths of these rivers but 70 miles south, nearer Atlantic City, because water flows close to the coast. It takes a few days before toxins are taken up by the plankton[2]. Pollution is often classed as point source or nonpoint source pollution. Point source pollution occurs when there is a single, identifiable, and localized source of the pollution. An example is directly discharging sewage and industrial waste into the ocean. Pollution such as this occurs particularly in developing nations. Nonpoint source pollution occurs when the pollution comes from ill-defined and diffuse sources. These can be difficult to regulate. Agricultural runoff and wind blown debris are prime examples. [edit] Direct discharge Acid mine drainage in the Rio Tinto River. See also: Sewerage, Industrial waste, and Environmental issues with mining Pollutants enter rivers and the sea directly from urban sewerage and industrial waste discharges, sometimes in the form of hazardous and toxic wastes. Inland mining for copper, gold. etc., is another source of marine pollution. Most of the pollution is simply soil, which ends up in rivers flowing to the sea. However, some minerals discharged in the course of the mining can cause problems, such as copper, a common industrial pollutant, which can interfere with the life history and development of coral polyps.[2] Mining has a poor environmental track record. For example, according to the United States Environmental Protection Agency, mining has contaminated portions of the headwaters of over 40% of watersheds in the western continental US.[3] Much of this pollution finishes up in the sea. [edit] Land runoff Main article: Surface runoff See also: Urban runoff and Stormwater Surface runoff from farming, as well as urban runoff and runoff from the construction of roads, buildings, ports, channels, and harbours, can carry soil and particles laden with carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and minerals. This nutrient-rich water can cause fleshy algae and phytoplankton to thrive in coastal areas, known as algal blooms, which have the potential to create hypoxic conditions by using all available oxygen. Polluted runoff from roads and highways can be a significant source of water pollution in coastal areas. About 75 percent of the toxic chemicals that flow into Puget Sound are carried by stormwater that runs off paved roads and driveways, rooftops, yards and other developed land.[4] [edit] Ship pollution Main article: Ship pollution A cargo ship pumps ballast water over the side. Ships can pollute waterways and oceans in many ways. Oil spills can have devastating effects. While being toxic to marine life, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), the components in crude oil, are very difficult to clean up, and last for years in the sediment and marine environment.[5] Discharge of cargo residues from bulk carriers can pollute ports, waterways and oceans. In many instances vessels intentionally discharge illegal wastes despite foreign and domestic regulation prohibiting such actions. It has been estimated that container ships lose over 10,000 containers at sea each year (usually during storms).[6] Ships also create noise pollution that disturbs natural wildlife, and water from ballast tanks can spread harmful algae and other invasive species.[7] Ballast water taken up at sea and released in port is a major source of unwanted exotic marine life. The invasive freshwater zebra mussels, native to the Black, Caspian and Azov seas, were probably transported to the Great Lakes via ballast water from a transoceanic vessel.[8] Meinesz believes that one of the worst cases of a single invasive species causing harm to an ecosystem can be attributed to a seemingly harmless jellyfish. Mnemiopsis leidyi, a species of comb jellyfish that spread so it now inhabits estuaries in many parts of the world. It was first introduced in 1982, and thought to have been transported to the Black Sea in a ship’s ballast water. The population of the jellyfish shot up exponentially and, by 1988, it was wreaking havoc upon the local fishing industry. “The anchovy catch fell from 204,000 tons in 1984 to 200 tons in 1993; sprat from 24,600 tons in 1984 to 12,000 tons in 1993; horse mackerel from 4,000 tons in 1984 to zero in 1993.”[7] Now that the jellyfish have exhausted the zooplankton, including fish larvae, their numbers have fallen dramatically, yet they continue to maintain a stranglehold on the ecosystem. Invasive species can take over once occupied areas, facilitate the spread of new diseases, introduce new genetic material, alter underwater seascapes and jeopardize the ability of native species to obtain food. Invasive species are responsible for about $138 billion annually in lost revenue and management costs in the US alone.[9] [edit] Atmospheric pollution Graph linking atmospheric dust to various coral deaths across the Caribbean Sea and Florida[10] Another pathway of pollution occurs through the atmosphere. Wind blown dust and debris, including plastic bags, are blown seaward from landfills and other areas. Dust from the Sahara moving around the southern periphery of the subtropical ridge moves into the Caribbean and Florida during the warm season as the ridge builds and moves northward through the subtropical Atlantic. Dust can also be attributed to a global transport from the Gobi and Taklamakan deserts across Korea, Japan, and the Northern Pacific to the Hawaiian Islands.[11] Since 1970, dust outbreaks have worsened due to periods of drought in Africa. There is a large variability in dust transport to the Caribbean and Florida from year to year;[12] however, the flux is greater during positive phases of the North Atlantic Oscillation.[13] The USGS links dust events to a decline in the health of coral reefs across the Caribbean and Florida, primarily since the 1970s.[14] Climate change is raising ocean temperatures[15] and raising levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. These rising levels of carbon dioxide are acidifying the oceans.[16] This, in turn, is altering aquatic ecosystems and modifying fish distributions,[17] with impacts on the sustainability of fisheries and the livelihoods of the communities that depend on them. Healthy ocean ecosystems are also important for the mitigation of climate change.[18] [edit] Deep sea mining Main article: Deep sea mining Deep sea mining is a relatively new mineral retrieval process that takes place on the ocean floor. Ocean mining sites are usually around large areas of polymetallic nodules or active and extinct hydrothermal vents at about 1, ,700 meters below the ocean’s surface.[19] The vents create sulfide deposits, which contain precious metals such as silver, gold, copper, manganese, cobalt, and zinc.[20][21] The deposits are mined using either hydraulic pumps or bucket systems that take ore to the surface to be processed. As with all mining operations, deep sea mining raises questions about environmental damages to the surrounding areas Because deep sea mining is a relatively new field, the complete consequences of full scale mining operations are unknown. However, experts are certain that removal of parts of the sea floor will result in disturbances to the benthic layer, increased toxicity of the water column and sediment plumes from tailings.[22] Removing parts of the sea floor disturbs the habitat of benthic organisms, possibly, depending on the type of mining and location, causing permanent disturbances.[19] Aside from direct impact of mining the area, leakage, spills and corrosion would alter the mining area’s chemical makeup. Among the impacts of deep sea mining, sediment plumes could have the greatest impact. Plumes are caused when the tailings from mining (usually fine particles) are dumped back into the ocean, creating a cloud of particles floating in the water. Two types of plumes occur: near bottom plumes and surface plumes.[19] Near bottom plumes occur when the tailings are pumped back down to the mining site. The floating particles increase the turbidity, or cloudiness, of the water, clogging filter-feeding apparatuses used by benthic organisms.[23] Surface plumes cause a more serious problem. Depending on the size of the particles and water currents the plumes could spread over vast areas.[19][24] The plumes could impact zooplankton and light penetration, in turn affecting the food web of the area.[19][24] Direct discharge Acidification Eutrophication Plastic debris Toxins Noise pollution Adaptation and mitigation See also Notes References External links

11 표 9.2 해양오염 물질과 영향 석유 탄화수소 플라스틱 살충제 중금속 오폐수 방사성 폐기물 온배수

12 Sources and Effects of Marine Pollution
Nutrients Runoff approximately 50% sewage, 50% from forestry, farming, and other land use. Also airborne nitrogen oxides from power plants, cars etc. Feed algal blooms in coastal waters. Decomposing algae depletes water of oxygen, killing other marine life. Can spur algal blooms (red tides), releasing toxins that can kill fish and poison people. Sediments Erosion from mining, forestry, farming, and other land-use; coastal dredging and mining Cloud water; impede photosynthesis below surface waters. Clog gills of fish. Smother and bury coastal ecosystems. Carry toxins and excess nutrients. Nutrients Runoff approximately 50% sewage, 50% from forestry, farming, and other land use. Also airborne nitrogen oxides from power plants, cars etc. Feed algal blooms in coastal waters. Decomposing algae depletes water of oxygen, killing other marine life. Can spur algal blooms (red tides), releasing toxins that can kill fish and poison people. Sediments Erosion from mining, forestry, farming, and other land-use; coastal dredging and mining Cloud water; impede photosynthesis below surface waters. Clog gills of fish. Smother and bury coastal ecosystems. Carry toxins and excess nutrients. Pathogens Sewage, livestock. Contaminate coastal swiming areas and seafood, spreading cholera, typhoid and other diseases. Alien Species Several thousand per day transported in ballast water; also spread through canals linking bodies of water and fishery enhancement projects. Outcompete native species and reduce biological diversity. Introduce new marine diceases. Associated with increased incidence of red tides and other algal blooms. Problem in major ports. Persistent Toxins (PCBs, Heavy metals, DDT etc.) Industrial discharge; wastewater discharge from cities; pesticides from farms, forests, home use etc.; seepage from landfills.poison or cause disease in coastal marine life, especially near major cities or industry. Contaminate seafood. Fat-soluble toxins that bio-accumulate in predators can cause disease and reproductive failure. Oil 46% from cars, heavy machinery, industry, other land-based sources; 32% from oil tanker operations and other shipping; 13% from accidents at sea; also offshore oil drilling and natural seepage. Low level contamination can kill larvae and cause disease in marine life. Oil slicks kill marine life, especially in coastal habitats. Tar balls from coagulated oil litter beaches and coastal habitat. Oil pollution is down 60% from 1981. Plastics Fishing nets; cargo and cruise ships; beach litter; wastes from plastics industry and landfills. Discard fishing gear continues to catch fish. Other plastic debris entangles marine life or is mistaken for food. Plastics litter beaches and coasts and may persist for 200 to 400 years. Radioactive substances Discarded nuclear submarine and military waste; atmospheric fallout; also industrial wastes. Hot spots of radio activity. Can enter food chain and cause disease in marine life. Concentrate in top predators and shellfish, which are eaten by people. Thermal Cooling water from power plants and industrial sites Kill off corals and other temperature sensitive sedentary species. Displace other marine life. Noise Supertankers, other large vessels and machinery Can be heard thousands of kilometers away under water. May stress and disrupt marine life. Source: Compiled by WorldWatch Institute

13 Sources and Effects of Marine Pollution
Pathogens Sewage, livestock. Contaminate coastal swiming areas and seafood, spreading cholera, typhoid and other diseases. Alien Species Several thousand per day transported in ballast water; also spread through canals linking bodies of water and fishery enhancement projects. Outcompete native species and reduce biological diversity. Introduce new marine diceases. Associated with increased incidence of red tides and other algal blooms. Problem in major ports. Source: Compiled by WorldWatch Institute

14 Sources and Effects of Marine Pollution
Persistent Toxins (PCBs, Heavy metals, DDT etc.) Industrial discharge; wastewater discharge from cities; pesticides from farms, forests, home use etc.; seepage from landfills. poison or cause disease in coastal marine life, especially near major cities or industry. Contaminate seafood. Fat-soluble toxins that bio-accumulate in predators can cause disease and reproductive failure. Source: Compiled by WorldWatch Institute

15 Sources and Effects of Marine Pollution
Oil 46% from cars, heavy machinery, industry, other land-based sources; 32% from oil tanker operations and other shipping; 13% from accidents at sea; also offshore oil drilling and natural seepage. Low level contamination can kill larvae and cause disease in marine life. Oil slicks kill marine life, especially in coastal habitats. Tar balls from coagulated oil litter beaches and coastal habitat. Oil pollution is down 60% from 1981. Source: Compiled by WorldWatch Institute

16 Sources and Effects of Marine Pollution
Plastics Fishing nets; cargo and cruise ships; beach litter; wastes from plastics industry and landfills. Discard fishing gear continues to catch fish. Other plastic debris entangles marine life or is mistaken for food. Plastics litter beaches and coasts and may persist for 200 to 400 years. Radioactive substances Discarded nuclear submarine and military waste; atmospheric fallout; also industrial wastes. Hot spots of radio activity. Can enter food chain and cause disease in marine life. Concentrate in top predators and shellfish, which are eaten by people. Nutrients Runoff approximately 50% sewage, 50% from forestry, farming, and other land use. Also airborne nitrogen oxides from power plants, cars etc. Feed algal blooms in coastal waters. Decomposing algae depletes water of oxygen, killing other marine life. Can spur algal blooms (red tides), releasing toxins that can kill fish and poison people. Sediments Erosion from mining, forestry, farming, and other land-use; coastal dredging and mining Cloud water; impede photosynthesis below surface waters. Clog gills of fish. Smother and bury coastal ecosystems. Carry toxins and excess nutrients. Pathogens Sewage, livestock. Contaminate coastal swiming areas and seafood, spreading cholera, typhoid and other diseases. Alien Species Several thousand per day transported in ballast water; also spread through canals linking bodies of water and fishery enhancement projects. Outcompete native species and reduce biological diversity. Introduce new marine diceases. Associated with increased incidence of red tides and other algal blooms. Problem in major ports. Persistent Toxins (PCBs, Heavy metals, DDT etc.) Industrial discharge; wastewater discharge from cities; pesticides from farms, forests, home use etc.; seepage from landfills.poison or cause disease in coastal marine life, especially near major cities or industry. Contaminate seafood. Fat-soluble toxins that bio-accumulate in predators can cause disease and reproductive failure. Oil 46% from cars, heavy machinery, industry, other land-based sources; 32% from oil tanker operations and other shipping; 13% from accidents at sea; also offshore oil drilling and natural seepage. Low level contamination can kill larvae and cause disease in marine life. Oil slicks kill marine life, especially in coastal habitats. Tar balls from coagulated oil litter beaches and coastal habitat. Oil pollution is down 60% from 1981. Plastics Fishing nets; cargo and cruise ships; beach litter; wastes from plastics industry and landfills. Discard fishing gear continues to catch fish. Other plastic debris entangles marine life or is mistaken for food. Plastics litter beaches and coasts and may persist for 200 to 400 years. Radioactive substances Discarded nuclear submarine and military waste; atmospheric fallout; also industrial wastes. Hot spots of radio activity. Can enter food chain and cause disease in marine life. Concentrate in top predators and shellfish, which are eaten by people. Thermal Cooling water from power plants and industrial sites Kill off corals and other temperature sensitive sedentary species. Displace other marine life. Noise Supertankers, other large vessels and machinery Can be heard thousands of kilometers away under water. May stress and disrupt marine life. Source: Compiled by WorldWatch Institute

17 Sources and Effects of Marine Pollution
Thermal Cooling water from power plants and industrial sites Kill off corals and other temperature sensitive sedentary species. Displace other marine life. Noise Supertankers, other large vessels and machinery Can be heard thousands of kilometers away under water. May stress and disrupt marine life. Source: Compiled by WorldWatch Institute

18 Eutrophication

19 Petroleum hydrocarbons
Oil spill Tanker accidents a small percentage of the oil entering the sea. The production and transportation of oil, conventional shipping, waste disposal, and runoff are all additional sources of oil in the marine environment There are also natural seeps Some major oil spills in the ocean. Tanker accidents are responsible for only a slna11 percentage of the oi1 entering the sea. The production and transportation of oiI, conventiona1 shipping, 'ㅈ /aste disposa1, and runoff are all additional sources of oil in the marine environⅡlent. There are also natural seeps,

20 Oil spill Source Accidents Cleanups

21 Plastics Nylon drift nets (ghost nets) Pellets Not biodegradable
Physical and chemical weathering Mistaken for prey and ingested Plastic bags and particles

22 Degradation time Macro-litter

23 Toxic materials Metals and slowly degrading chemicals threaten inland and coastal waters Toxic materials settle into sea-floor sediments where they accumulate as hazards to organisms that live in and feed on bottom muds Eventually, long-lasting chemicals may enter the food web and contaminate the fish and shellfish we eat

24 6. Waste Disposal in the Aquatic Environment
Accumulating toxic wastes (cont.) 3b. Pesticides, PCBs and CHCs organic compounds containing halogens such as chlorine not amenable to biological degradation DDT (dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane) DDE; Lindane Aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, heptachor PCBs (poly-chlorinated biphenyls) Effects of chlorinated hydrocarbons chlorinated hydrocarbons (CHCs) highly soluble in fats bind to organic and inorganic particles bioaccumulated and biomagnified biologically active PCBs – interfere with ovulation Aldrin is an organochlorine insecticide which is oxidized in the insect to form dieldrin, a neurotoxin. Aldrin was formerly used to kill soil insects such as termites and grasshoppers to protect crops such as corn and potatoes. It has been classified as a persistent organic pollutant. Due to health concerns regarding dieldrin, it is no longer manufactured or used in the United States. In addition, aldrin is itself a carcinogen and mutagen. Aldrin is named after the German chemist Kurt Alder. Dieldrin is a chlorinated hydrocarbon originally produced in 1948 by J. Hyman & Co, Denver, as an insecticide. The molecule has a ring structure based on naphthalene. Dieldrin is closely related to aldrin which itself breaks down to form dieldrin. Aldrin is not toxic to insects, it is oxidised in the insect to form dieldrin which is the active compound. Both dieldrin and aldrin are named after the Diels-Alder reaction which is used to form aldrin from a mixture of norbornadiene and. Originally developed in the 1940s as an alternative to DDT, dieldrin proved to be a highly effective insecticide and was very widely used during the 1950s to early 1970s. Endrin is a stereoisomer of dieldrin. However, it is an extremely persistent organic pollutant, it does not easily break down. Furthermore it tends to biomagnify as it is passed along the food chain. Long-term exposure has proven toxic to a very wide range of animals including humans, far greater than to the original insect targets. For this reason it is now banned in most of the world. It has been linked to health problems such as Parkinson's, Breast Cancer, and immune, reproductive, and nervous system damage. It can also adversly affect testicular decsent in the fetus if a pregnant woman is exposed to Dieldrin. Endrin is a cyclodiene insecticide used on cotton, maize, and rice. It also acts as an avicide. As a rodenticide, it is used to control mice and voles. It is a solid, cream to light tan to white, almost odorless substance. It melts and decomposes at 200 °C. It is moderately soluble in benzene and acetone, slightly soluble in alcohols, alkanes, and xylene, and almost insoluble in water. It is also known as Mendrin, and Compound 269. The use of endrin is now banned in many countries. The majority of use (about 80%) was as a spray to control insect pests of cotton. It was also used on rice, to some extent on sugar cane, in a limited way on grain crops and sugar beets, and in Australia on tobacco and cole crops. It was occasionally used in orchards as a control of rodents, where it is sprayed on the ground under the trees in autumn or spring, often as a solution in mineral oil. As a seed treatment, it was used for cotton seed in the United States, and for beans seeds in Australia. Endrin is a stereoisomer of dieldrin and is structurally similar to aldrin, and heptachlor epoxide.

25 Pesticides and others Chlorinated hydrocarbons DDT/DDE PCBs TBT

26 Heavy metals Hg Cu Cd Natural erosion Minamata

27 6. Waste Disposal in the Aquatic Environment
Accumulating toxic wastes (cont.) 3c. Endocrine disrupters (내분비교란물질) endocrine or hormone - the regulation of biochemical, physiological, developmental and reproductive activities the chemical messengers; highly specific in their function; conserved across taxa – ‘estrogen’ endocrine disrupters (EDs) mimics antagonists of steroid proteins TBT ‘organo-heavy metal’ effect reinterpreted as possible ED effects Fouling the growth of marine plants and animals on ships’ hull, fish farm equipment and pier/rig legs Drag; major cost to maritime industries; anti-fouling paint imposex 내분비 교란물질(환경호르몬) Introduction to hormone disrupting chemicals 영국 환경화학자인 Michael Warhurst의 홈페이지이다. 환경호르몬이 일으키는 주요 문제들과 그 기작, 프탈레이트류와 알킬페놀류, 비스페놀A, 유기염소계 농약, PCB, 다이옥신 등에 대한 과학적인 설명, 정부와 산업계의 대응 등이 잘 정리되어 있다. Endocrine Disruptors Research Initiative 미국 환경청(EPA)의 내분비 교란물질 사이트이다. 환경과 자연자원 위원회(Committee for Environment and Natural Resources, CENR)에 대한 소개와 생태계에 대한 환경호르몬의 영향, 영향 평가 기법, 연구 동향, 국제회의 등에 관한 많은 자료가 정리되어 있다. 환경운동연합 정책팀 보도자료 ( ▶ 내분비 교란물질(환경호르몬)이란? 독성이 있는 유해화학물질 중에서 생체의  호르몬 분비 기능에 변화를  일으키는 물질로서 생체는 물론 그 자손의 건강에도 변화를 가져올 수 있는 외인성 물질이 다. 특히 성호르몬의 기능에 영향을  많이 주기 때문에 생체의  건강뿐만 아니라 생식능력을 감소시켜 생물군의 개체수까지도 줄일 수 있다. 내분비 교란물질들은 기존의 독성화학물질들보다 훨씬 저농도에서도 생체에 영향을 미칠 수 있으며, 먹이사슬을 통해 농축되기 때문에 더욱 위험하다. 이들은  대부분 지방친화성이 있어 생체내의 지방내에 주로 축적된다. 대표적인 반응기작으로는 이들이 세포의 호르몬수용체(hormone receptor)와 결합 하여 호르몬과 같은 작용을 하거나  정상적인 호르몬이 수용체에 결합하는  것을 막는 것 등이 널리 알려져 있다. 환경호르몬이란 용어는 1997년 ５월 일본학자들이 ＮＨＫ방송에 출연,“화학물질이 환경으로 방출돼 마치 호르몬처럼 작용한다”며 명명한 이래 일본에서는 보편 화됐다. 영어로는 엔도크라인 디스럽터(Endocrine disruptor)이며,  내분비계 교란 물질 또는 내분비계 장애물질이라는 말로 흔히 번역된다. ▶ 내분비계 교란물질의 종류와 용도, 발생원인 다이옥신                        쓰레기 소각장,  월남전 당시 고엽제의 성분 폴리염화비페닐(PCB)            전기 절연제 트리뷰틸주석(TBT)              선박용 페인트 비스페놀A                      합성수지 원료, 식품과 음료용 캔의 안쪽 코팅 폴리카보네이트                  플라스틱 식기 프탈산화합물(DOP,ＤBP, BBP)    플라스틱 가소제 스티렌 다이머/스티렌 트리머    컵라면 용기를 비롯한 각종 식품 용기 DDT                          살충제 아트라진                        농약 아미톨                          농약 엔도살판                        농약 ２－브로모프로페인              실리콘 웨이퍼  세척작업 ▶ 각국의 주요 사례 1970년대초  처음  ‘호르몬 작용성 화학물질’이  유엔에  보고됐지만  본격적인  대응은  지난  1995년에 미국을 비롯한  OECD국가에서 시작했다. 일본 일본 수산학회 세미나 * 요코하마 시립대학의  이구치 교수팀 도쿄 외곽의 후추시, 다마가와(다마천)에서 발견된 수컷 잉어의  30% 정소 이상   (정상인 정소 : 희고 통통 --> 굵기가 가늘고 다갈색) * 도쿄만의 수컷 가자미에서 홋카이도（北海道）가자미에 비해 성기 왜소화와 정자  감소 등  암컷화  현상 * 1998년, 데이쿄（帝京）대학  의학부,   40대 남자  44명 (평균 42세), 평균 정자수 8,400만개    20대  남자  50명（평균 23세）중,  1ml 당 평균 정자수 4,600만개 로서 세계보건기구(WHO) 기준으로는  정상이 2명 뿐임.    세계보건기구（ＷＨＯ)가 1992년 공표한 「일반적인 성행위로 아이가  생길 수 있는 최저 기준」인  ml당  2,000만개를  넘는 20대는  86％뿐임 * 1998년 4월, 일본 국립의약품위생연구소, 컵라면 등 25종의 폴리스티렌  일회용 식기 중 거의 모든 제품에서 환경호르몬인 스티렌 다이머와 스티렌 트리머가 1g 당 평균 9,509㎍ 검출 덴마크 1992년,  닐스 스카케벡 박사 - 정자 감소 논쟁의 시초, 1㎖당  덴마크 남성의  평균 정자수는  1938∼90년 사이  1억1천3백만개 --> ６천６백만개로 45% 감소,  1회의  사정량도  3.4㎖에서  2.75㎖ 로 감소 스코틀랜드 96년 2월, 년 사이, 정자수가 매년 2% 감소 영국 하천에서는  세제성분이  원인이  된  암수동체의  잉어가  대량  발견 프랑스 주아네 박사,  1ml당 평균 정자수,  1973년  8천9백만개 --> 1995년 6천만개 (20 년간 33%감소),  평균 고환 크기  81년 18.9g --> 91년 17.9g 벨기에 켄트시 정자은행,  수정불가 정자 증가( 1980년 5.4% --> 1996년 9%) 미국 * 미국국립환경위생학연구소（NIEHS） 1938∼88년 사이 1.5％의 남성 정자 감소 * 플로리다주 아포프카 호수, 50%이상의 수컷 악어  생식기 크기가 정상의 절반 크기 DDT가 원인  핀란드  * 년 사이, 정상적인 정자를 생산하는 남성의 비율이 56.4%에서 26.9% 로 절반 가까이 감소 우리나라의 사례 * 베트남전쟁에  참전했던  고엽제  피해자들 중  일부가  불임이나  성기능 장애 * 1995년 8월, 경남 양산의 LG전자부품(주) 공장에서 유기용제인 솔벤트-5200 취급 근로자  들에게 집단적인 불임 발생, 40명(여성 28명, 남성 12명)에 대한 연 구결과 2년 후에도 여성 12명(호르몬 분비 이상)과 남성 4명(정자수 및 활동성 감소)이 불임상태 * 1998년 4월, 한국해양연구소, 이수형 박사팀,  트리뷰틸주석(TBT)에 의한 고둥 (소라류)의  임포섹스 현상 - 암컷 고둥의 수컷화,      마산과 진해 앞바다 암컷 고둥 비율 20-30% ▶ 각국의 대책 유엔 * 창설이래  산아제한을 주창해왔던  유엔이  사상최초로  정자수  감소  문제를  논의하기  위한  국제회의를  1997년 1월 미국에서 개최 일본 * 1997년 말,  일본환경청, 연구반  설치,  어류를  대상으로 환경호르몬의  영향을  조사 * 1998년 4월 ９일, 과학기술청이  학계．산업계와  공동으로  실태조사에  착수． * 통산성,  업계에서  사용할  수  있는  독자적인  검사방법  개발중 * 노동성,  유해  화학물질  제조업체의  노동환경을  재조사중 * 자민당 등 연립여당은 정부 부처의  연구활동을 지원하기 위해 1998년 추경예산에  1백  억엔  규모의  예산을  편성하기로  결정 * 도쿄, 환경호르몬 조사를  위한‘환경회의기획조사부회’를 설치하는 등 각 지방자치 단체도 활발한 움직임 * 통산성, 기업이 공장과 사업소에서 나오는 각종  화학물질의 배출량을 보고하도록 의무화  하는 ‘화학물질배출·이동등록제도’를 오는 2000년부터 도입 미국 * 1997년 １월,  백악관  주최로  워크숍 * 1998년,  환경보호청이 독자적인 시험법을 개발하고１만５천여종의 화학물질이 생체에 미치는 영향을  조사할  계획．환경보호청은  세포를 이용하는 시험관내 시험과 동물실험을 통해 태아에 대한 영향도 분석하기로 결정 경제협력개발기구（ＯＥＣＤ）  * 1998년 3월, 회의를  갖고 환경호르몬 검사방법 개발에 착수 우리나라 * 기초적인 연구 자료가 없음. * １회 정액 배출시 정자수가 최소한 １억개는  돼야 하지만, ６천만개 이하이며 정자의  운동성 감퇴가 심각한 약정자증 환자가 늘고 있다. * 1998년부터 환경부와 식품의약품안전청 등에서  내분비 교란물질에 대한 기초 자료 준비하고 있음. * 1999년, 본격적인 연구를 시작할 계획 ▶ 일상생활 속에서의 실천 지침 * 컵라면과 같은 플라스틱 용기에 담긴 음식물을 먹지 않는다. 캔음료나 캔에 담긴 음식물을 삼간다. 특히 캔에  열을 가한 제품에 주의해야 한다. * 집에서 음식물을 보관할  경우 플라스틱 용기나 랩을  사용하지 않아야 하며,  전자레인지로 음식을 데울 때에는 특히 주의한다. * 과다하게 농약을 사용하는 과일이나 채소는 먹지 않는다. * 염소계(염화--, 클로로--라고 성분표시에  명시된)표백제와 세정제, 염소표백된 종이 등의 사용을 사용하지 않는다. * 아이들이 플라스틱 장난감을 입에 넣지 않도록 주의한다.   ▶ 먼저 우리 주변의 정확한 실태를 파악하고 대책을 수립하기 위해 다음의 사항을 촉구한다.   1. 국회와 정부는 환경호르몬 물질의 사용 실태와  피해 조사, 대책 수립을 위한 예산을 즉각 편성해야 한다.   1. 정부는 환경, 농업, 식품, 보건, 해양 등 관련 부처와 연구기관을 아우르고 민간환경단 체가 참여하는 통합된 대책기구를 구성해야 한다.   1. 관련 상품을 생산하는 기업은 이미 밝혀진 70여종의  환경호르몬 물질이 함유된 제품  내역을 공개하고 이에 대한 생산과 사용 중단을 밝힐 것을 촉구한다. 내분비 교란물질의 피해저감을 위한 정책방향 환경중 내분비계장애물질에 대한 연구방향 오경희 국립환경연구원 환경위해성연구부 연구관 □ 내분비계(호르몬계)란? 내분비계(호르몬계)란 생체의 항상성, 생식, 발생, 행동 등에 관여하는 각종 호르몬을 생산, 방출하는 기관이다. 호르몬은 그리이스어의 '불러이르키다'라는 말에서 따온 용어로 핏속을 돌며 메시지를 전달하는 화학메신저로 고환, 난소, 이자, 부신, 갑상선, 부갑상선, 흉선 등의 내분비샘이라 알려진 기관에서 생산된다. 고환은 출생 한 주 전부터 수컷에게서 남성호르몬인 테스토스테론을 분비하며 이는 남성적 발달을 유도하며 난소에서는 임신이 가능하게끔 자궁내벽을 발육시키는 작용을 하는 여성호르몬인 에스트로겐을 분비한다. 갑상선은 목젖부근에 있는 샘으로 신체의 대사를 활성화시키고 열을 내게 자극하는 기능을 수행한다. 호르몬의 농도는 뇌의 바닥에 있는 뇌하수체에서 조절한다. □ 내분비계장애물질이란? 내분비계장애물질이란 내분비계의 정상적인 기능을 방해하는 화학물질로 정의되며 환경중 배출된 화학물질이 체내에 유입되어 마치 호르몬처럼 작용한다고 하여 환경호르몬이라고 불리기도 한다. 이들 내분비계장애물질은 생태계 및 인간의 생식기능저하, 기형, 성장장애, 암 등을 유발하는 물질로 추정되고 있으며 생태계 및 인간의 호르몬계에 영향을 미쳐 전세계적으로 생물종에 위협이 될 수 있다는 경각심을 일으켜 오존층 파괴, 지구온난화 문제와 함께 세계 3대 환경문제로 등장하였다. □ 내분비장애를 일으킬 수 있는 물질 내분비장애를 일으킬 수 있다고 추정되는 물질로는 각종 산업용화학물질(원료물질), 살충제, 제초제 등의 농약류, 유기중금속류, 소각장의 다이옥신류, 식물에 존재하는 phytoestrogen 등의 호르몬유사물질, 의약품으로 사용되는 합성 에스트로겐류 및 기타 식품 및 식품첨가물을 들 수 있다. 현재 세계생태보전기금목록(World Wildlife Fund List)에는 67종의 화학물질이 등재되어 있으며 일본 후생성에서는 143종의 물질을 내분비장애물질로 분류하고 있다. 내분비장애 관련 연구결과 및 사례가 보고된 물질로는 음료수캔의 코팅물질 등에 사용되는 비스페놀A와 농약이나 변압기절연유로 사용되었으나 현재 금지된 DDT와 PCB, 소각장의 다이옥신류가 있고 기타 합성세제원료인 알킬페놀과 스치로폴의 주성분인 스티렌다량체 등이 내분비장애물질로 의심을 받고 있다. □ 내분비계장애물질의 영향 내분비계장애물질은 생체내 호르몬의 합성, 방출, 수송, 수용체와의 결합, 수용체결합 후의 시그날전달 등 다양한 과정에 관여하여 각종 형태의 교란을 일으킴으로써 생태계 및 인간에게 영향을 발현한다. 내분비계장애물질의 위해를 개연한 사건으로는 70년대 합성에스트로겐인 DES (diethyl -stylbestrol)라는 유산방지제를 복용한 임산부의 2세들에게서 나타난 불임, 음경발달 부진 사례가 있고 80년대 살충제인 디코폴오염사고로 플로리다악어의 부화율이 감소하고 성기가 왜소화되는 증상이 관찰되었으며 90년대에 들어 인간정자수 감소, 수컷 잉어의 정소 이상, 가자미 성기 왜소화, 바다고둥류의 imposex 등이 보고되었다. □ 내분비계장애물질의 연구 방향 내분비계장애물질에 대한 미국 등 선진국의 공식적인 입장은 대상물질의 종류, 시험방법, 노출형태, 생체내에서의 작용메카니즘 등이 과학적으로 명확하게 밝혀져 있지 않다는 견해이며 향후 내분비장애물질의 규명 및 영향 연구를 위해 연구 계획을 수립, 진행하고 있다. OECD에서는 2000년까지 시험방법을 확립할 예정이며 이후의 규제방안도 논의할 예정이다. 미국 환경청의 연구수행도를 보면 인간 및 내분비 기능장애 현상 규명, 노출규명 및 관리수단개발로 구성되며 세부과제에는 스크리닝 및 시험법 개발, 위해성예측모델 구축, 노출에 의한 생식, 신경, 면역에 대한 영향 연구, 환경중 노출농도에 의한 영향 규명 등이 포함되어 있다. 일본환경청의 연구는 일본국립환경연구소의 연구와 후생성과의 합동연구체계로 대분되며 전자는 생태계에서의 실태 해명, 내분비교란메커니즘 규명, 내분비교란측정기법 개발 등으로 구성되며 후자는 인체에 노출되는 내분비장애물질에 대한 노출경로, 영향규명, 평가, 체내동태 연구 등으로 구성되어 있다. 우리 환경부와 국립환경연구원에서는 중ㆍ장기 연구추진전략으로 제1단계에서 내분비장애물질에 대한 현황과 환경생태계에 대한 영향 등을 조사하고 평가 및 시험법 등을 확립하며 제2단계에서는 내분비장애물질의 노출평가 및 국내 역학조사 등 위해성평가를 수행하고 제3단계에서는 내분비장애물질을 지정하고 및 과학적 규제방안을 마련키로 하였으며 '98년 하반기부터 관련부처연구기관 및 민간전문가로 구성된 연구기관간 전문연구협의회를 운영하면서 생체와 환경중의 실태조사, 독성평가, 시험방법 제정 등 분야별 연구사업을 추진키로 하였다.

28 sewage Sewage disposal - Coastal pollution Sewage outfalls
Human waste; organic matter; heavy metals; pesticides; detergents; petroleum products Eutrophication Sewage treatment Few opportunistic organisms - Green macroalgae (Ulva) and polychaete (Capitella)

29 Radioactive wastes Nuclear testing; power plants; reprocessing reactors; dumping Heavy radionuclides – low solubility Adsorption onto particulate matter – sediments Cs-137; Sr-90’ Pu-239 Potential Sunken nuclear submarines, nuclear dump sites, nuclear testing, Accumulation – seaweeds and bivalves Consequences increased incidences of cancers impaired immune systems genetic defects causing growth deformities.

30 Thermal effluents Cooling water
beneficially to enhance growth rates of organisms grown in mariculture unwanted changes in the natural fauna and flora natural algae and seagrasses → mats of cyanobacteria the entry of warm water wood-boring bivalves chlorine

31 Introductions and transfers of marine organisms
Movements of species – introduced sp. Larval drift, rafting Accidental or deliberate introductions Non indigenous Mariculture Japanese oyster (Crassostrea gigas), East coast oyster (C. virginica) and local oyster (Ostrea lurida); predatory snails Ballast water Black sea Ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi No natural predators

32 Non indigenous species
"Alien species" An introduced, neozoon, alien, exoti, non-indigenous, or non-native species, or simply an introduction, is a species living outside its native distributional range, which has arrived there by human activity, either deliberate or accidental. Some introduced species are damaging to the ecosystem they are introduced into, others negatively affect agriculture and other human uses of natural resources, or impact on the health of animals and humans. By definition, a species is considered “introduced” when its transport into an area outside of its native range is human mediated

33 Impacts on specific marine environments
Estuaries Mangrove swamps Coral reefs

34 Estuaries World largest cities
Reclamation for housing and industrial activity, airport construction 90% disappeared Seagrass and mudflat – dredging Vulnerable to pollution pollutants like petroleum byproducts, heavy metals, fertilizers, and pesticides

35 Mussel watch monitor concentrations of marine pollutants in mussels
abundant world-wide in coastal regions Filter-feeding bivalves heavy metals, chlorinated hydrocarbons including DDT and PCBs, and TBT

36 Mangrove swamps environmental disturbances Overcutting of mangroves
Dredging, land reclamation, garbage and sewage dumping insect control (particularly of malaria- carrying mosquitoes) Vietnam war, spraying Oil spills diversion of water flow Overcutting of mangroves Much-needed source of firewood for humans and of green fodder for camels in a desert environment shrimp farms or rice paddies Coastline inundation and erosion from tropical storms Replanting

37 Coral reefs Beauty & diversity Biological and economic importance
CO2 sink protecting coastlines and providing sheltered harbors tourist dollars agricultural runoff, pesticides, industrial pollutants, and sewage nutrient concentrations - eutrophication Benthic algae – coral - zooxanthallae various types of coastal development – sediment load – clogging Deforestation – runoff – sedimentation – destruction Building material – mining Local fishery – dynamite to stum fish, cyanide Tourism – visitors – development Outbreak of Acanthaster El Nino