Global Warming and Green Ship Development September 17, 2014 Hong-Gi Lee Hyundai Mipo Dockyard
Contents Global Warming IMO Regulation Green Ship Developments Air Pollution Control Future Ship
Global Warming UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC) Report Aug.2014 Greenhouse gas(GHG) emission raise the risk of “severe, pervasive and irreversible impact over the coming decades” Global warming already causes grain production cutting higher seas devastating heat waves, torrential rain
Earth temperature rose by about 0.8oC since the Industrial Revolution In decades, more than 4oC will be increased Eventually, Arctic and Antarctic ice melting up to 7m sea level rise Flooding World major cities
Human emission : dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century Primarily carbon dioxide released by burning of fossil fuels like coal, oil, natural gas From 1970 to 2000, GHG emission grew at 1.3% a year From 2000 to 2010, GHG emission grew at 2.2% a year China is accounts for 50% of the world’s coal use
Is human emission really responsible for the global warming?
Greenland Viking Late 10th Century – Mid 15th Century
경신대기근庚辛大飢饉 을해대기근乙亥大飢饉 조선 18대 현종 재위 11년 – 12년 : 庚戌年(1670) – 辛亥年(1671) 지구온도 평균기온 1도 하강 우박, 서리, 가뭄, 홍수, 메뚜기 떼(2월, 윤2월~5월) 태풍, 냉우, 폭우, 전염병(6월~7월) 연중 동시 다발 지진 당시 인구 1500만명 중 100만여명 사망 지옥도, 아귀도 : “임진년 병란도 이것보다는 참혹하지 않았다” 을해대기근乙亥大飢饉 숙종 21-22년 : 1695-1696 경신대기근과 유사한 피해 청나라에서 쌀 3만석 수입, 역부족 Isaac Newton : 1643 – 1727 (“자연철학의 수학적 원리”, 1687)
International Greenhouse Gas Emission Rate
IMO Regulation of Ship’s Greenhouse Gas Emission MEPC(Marine Environment Protection Committee) EEDI EEOI SEEMP
IMO Regulation of Ship’s Greenhouse Gas Emission EEDI (Energy Efficiency Design Index) - Ship’s CO2 efficiency EEOI (Energy Efficiency Operational Indicator) - Ship’s energy efficiency in operation SEEMP (Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan) - Improve the energy efficiency of a ship’s operation - Planning, Implementation, Monitoring, Self-evaluation and improvement
IMO Greenhouse Gas Emission Control of Ship Design/Construction/Operation Process EEDI : Energy Efficiency Design Index, 에너지효율설계지수 EEOI : Energy Efficiency Operation Indicator, 에너지효율운항지표 SEEMP: Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan, 에너지효율관리계획서
IMO Greenhouse Gas Emission Regulation Phase 0 (2013.1.1 이후) Phase 1 (2015.1.1 이후) : 10% 감소 Phase 2 (2020.1.1 이후) : 20% 감소 Phase 3 (2025.1.1 이후) : 30% 감소
EEDI Reduction (Larger, Slower, New Technology) DWT
Potential CO2 Saving Capacities of Ship Design and Operation DESIGN (New ships) Saving of CO2/tonne-mile Combined Concept, speed &capability 2~50 10~50% 25~75% Hull and superstructure 2~20 Power and propulsion systems 5~15 Low-carbon fuels Renewable energy 1~10 Exhaust gas CO2 reduction OPERATION (All ships) Fleet management, logistics 5~50 Voyage optimization Energy management (Source: IMO, MEPC 59/INF.10)
Tanker/Bulk Carrier
Container Carrier
표준선 NCR & 연간 연료비 # HFO(600$/ton) 기준
Hull Form Design Concept F.O.C. 최우선 : 선속 및 DWT 감소 Multi draft(Design, Scantling, Ballast, Intermediate 등) 조건에서 최적화 Propeller 직경 증가 : G type engine CFD 활용으로 인한 선수미 형상 변화 : Bulbous bow, Shoulder, Stern 등 저항 뿐만 아니라 자항 성능 우수한 선형 Calm sea 및 rough sea에서도 성능 우수한 선형 ESD 유가 상승으로 pay back time 감소 선주 선호 : ESD 부착 선박 용선 및 resale 시 유리 선형 특성에 따라 효과 제한적 최근 동향 좋은 선형 & 프로펠러 설계 ⇒ ESD 효과 급감 Hull form 최적화 프로그램 개발 : HMD OptiHull Manager Loading 최적화 ⇒ 선체 LWT 감소 ⇒ Cb 감소 ⇒ FOC 감소
HMD Eco-Optimized Hull (HMD OptiHull) Manager 자유형상변환(Free Form Deformation) 기법을 이용하여 선형 modeling 시간 단축 예) bulbous bow modeling : manual (약 20분) vs FFD (약 1분) 선형개발 과정(선형 modeling & CFD 계산)의 자동화로 선형개발 시간 단축 예) bulbous bow 최적화 : manual (약 30시간) vs FFD (약 13시간) 유전자 알고리즘을 이용하여 체계적으로 최적 선형개발 최적선형의 지배적인 설계 변수 파악 가능 Propeller, vortex fin/generator 형상 modeling 자동화
선형 생성 자동화 선형개선 필요 부위 지정 후 선형 자동 생성 Surface 기반 선형수정
선형 생성 및 CFD 계산을 연동시켜 자동화하여 최적 선형 자동 도출 선형 최적화 선형 생성 및 CFD 계산을 연동시켜 자동화하여 최적 선형 자동 도출 선형생성 (FFD) 성능평가 (CFD, WAVIS) 최적화 algorithm(GA) 최적 선형 도출
최적 선형 도출 Red : original Green : optimum
Propeller Modelling Vortex Generator 효과 : Propeller, vortex generator(fin)의 크기, 위치 등을 쉽게 조절 가능 CFD 계산용 surface 모델 생성 가능
Bulbous Bow 최적화 실적선 적용 사례 Tanker 선형 LBP(m)*B(m)*Td(m) Ori. Rev. CFD 결과 CTM (x 103) 75K PC (219*32.25*12.8) Ori. : 4.048 Rev. : 3.933 (-2.84%) 37K P/C (176*27.4*9.8) Ori. : 3.915 Rev. : 3.855 (-1.53%)
LPG 선형 Ori. Rev. CFD 결과 20.6K LPG Ori. : 4.037 Rev. : 3.957 (-1.98%) LBP(m)*B(m)*Td(m) Ori. Rev. CFD 결과 CTM (x 103) 20.6K LPG (152.2*25.6*8.3) Ori. : 4.037 Rev. : 3.957 (-1.98%) 38K LPG (172*28.4*9.5) Ori. : 3.729 Rev. : 3.711 (-0.48%)
B/C, Container 선형 Ori. Rev. CFD 결과 37K B/C Ori. : 3.975 Rev. : 3.824 LBP(m)*B(m)*Td(m) Ori. Rev. CFD 결과 CTM (x 103) 37K B/C (178*27.8*9.8) Ori. : 3.975 Rev. : 3.824 (-3.80%) 1800TEU C/C (172*28.4*9.5) Ori. : 3.950 Rev. : 3.935 (-0.38%)
Non-Conventional Bow
OSHIMA VLCC Concept Ax Bow
Energy Saving Device(ESD) Rudder Bulb The propeller induced vortices can be partially converted into thrust. Reduce the hub vortex Increased wake fraction Reduced contraction of the propeller slipstream Promas Integrated propeller and rudder system Increased propulsive efficiency Supplier : Rolls-Royce
Vortex Fin Mewis Duct Reduction of hull vibration caused by the propeller induced excitation force Improve wake field Reduced pressure pulse Mewis Duct Improvement the wake field & high propeller loading by duct & fin optimization Increased propulsive efficiency Supplier : Becker Marine Systems
37 NPT Propeller NPT = “New Profile Technology” Smaller optimum diameter Smaller blade surface Significant weight reduction Negative efficiency of propulsion & pressure pulse - Supplier : Stone Marine Propulsion 37
ESD Effects (Model Tests) Ship Type Efficiency Gain Mewis Duct Midsize Tanker 2.6% ~ 9.6% Midsize B/C 3.9% ~ 7.6% Etc 2.4% ~ 5.1% Promas PCTC, Con-Ro, C/C 0.7% ~ 4.4% Rudder Bulb C/C, Midsize Tanker 0.2% ~ 0.9% Vortex Fin Various 0.3% ~ 1.7% NPT Propeller B/C, Midsize Tanker -1.6% ~ 2.5%
MAN G Engine 50K PC Longer Stroke Lower RPM Larger Propeller Higher Efficiency 50K PC 14.5 knots Item 6S50ME-B9.5 6G50ME-B9.5 Bore (mm) 500 Stroke (mm) 2214 2500 NCR (kW X RPM) 5924 X 92.5 5676 X 80.4 SFOC at NCR (g/kW·h) 159.6 157.1 Propeller Diameter (m) 6.4 6.8 DFOC (ton/day) at NCR 22.7 21.4 5.7% Saving!
Main Engine(SFOC) Optimization MAN B&W (Engine Load 별 Optimization) High load (85~100%) Part load (50~85%) Low load (25~70%)
WARTSILA (Engine Load 별 Optimization) Standard tuning (90% ~) Delta tuning (80~90%) Low load tuning ( ~ 80%)
HMD 표준선 EEDI P/C
HMD 표준선 EEDI B/C
HMD 표준선 EEDI LPG/LEG
Voyage Optimization Ship’s Monitoring System Optimum Voyage - Real Time Monitoring (M/E Power, Ship’s Speed, Trim & etc.) Optimum Voyage - Optimum Trim & Speed - Weather and Sea Current Routing - Voyage Analysis <HHI : 최적경제운항 지원시스템> <NAPA for Operations> <NAPA DSME Power> <KR : 최적항로 알고리즘>
<출처: RINA, 2010.5 Korean Shipbuilding Advisory Committee 발표자료 中 Voyage Optimization Power Saving Effect through Optimum Trim <출처: RINA, 2010.5 Korean Shipbuilding Advisory Committee 발표자료 中
Marpol Annex VI (Air Pollution Prevention) NOx Limit
NOx Control Area Existing Emission Control Area(ECA) (2016. 4)
Fuel Supply Pressure (bar) Specific Fuel Consumption Dual Fuel(DF) Engine Supplier Cycle Engine Revolution Model Fuel Supply Pressure (bar) [Gas Fuel] Specific Fuel Consumption Nox Tier III Maintenance Cost Gas Pilot MAN-B&W 2-Stroke Low Speed *-GI (전 Model ) 550 [LNG] Low High ~8 g/kW.h (100% power) 불만족 (SCR or EGR 추가) *-LGI (전 Model) 300 [LPG, Methanol] WARTSILA RT-flex50DF X62 X72 X82 X92 10 bar Medium ~2 g/kW.h 만족 4-Stroke Medium Speed 20DF 34DF 50DF 20 bar
Dual Fuel(DF) Engine MAN-B&W Wartsila (2-stroke)
Marpol Annex VI (Air Pollution Prevention) SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) Tier III 적용을 위한 NOx 저감 장치 가 격: 180~200만$ (아직 적용 초기 단계로 유동적임) E/R 길이 증가: 약 3 frame # 출처: MAN-B&W
Regulation 14 of MARPOL Annex VI 2008 IMO Fuel Sulphur(SOx) Limits Tier SECA* Global Remark Limit Effective I 1.5% - 4.5% Regulation 14 of MARPOL Annex VI 2008 II 1.0% July 2010 3.5% January 2012 III 0.1% January 2015 0.5% January 2020 * SECA : Sulphur Emission Control Area (North sea, USA coast)
SOx Control Area (SECA) * SECA : Sulphur Emission Control Area (North sea, USA coast)
SOx Scrubber SOx, Particulate Matter 저감을 위한 EGC(Exhaust Gas Cleaning) System Use water to wash the sulphur out of the exhaust gas 가 격: 약 390만$ 선미 Mooring Deck 상부 A-deck ~ Engine Casing & Funnel 선미 설치 # 출처: Wartsila
EU-ZEMShip (2006-2010) in Hamburg Zero-Emission Ship The first hydrogen fuel-cell 100 passenger ship Efficiency increase target of 40-50%
EU-Green Ship Established by - Aalborg Industries - A.P. Moller-Maersk - MAN Diesel - Odense Steel Shipyard Target - CO2 30%, NOx 90%, SOx 90% Method - Hull form optimization, Cargo optimization - Propulsion system optimization - Waste heat recovery - Route optimization, Operation monitoring system
Super EcoShip – Japan (Coastal Shipping, abt 4,200GT) Reduction of environment impacts - NOx, SOx, CO2, Noise, Vibration High efficiency marine gas turbine and electric propulsion system Podded propulsion with CRP Optimum hull form Reduce CO2 25%, NOx 90%
K-Line Drive Green Project (7500 Pure Car Carrier)
Fuel Cell (연료 전지) 개발 현황 Wartsila : 20 kW Test 중, 250 kW 장기 목표
US Ship Service Fuel Cell (SSFC) Project Demonstration(500 kW) 최종 목표 - 2.5 MW 용량 - Fuel Efficiency 70% - 생산단가 1200$/kW
Hyundai Fuel Cell Tucson Hydrogen fuel cell Lithium-polymer battery with 100kW power 134 PS @ 5000 RPM About 426km cruising range For $21,000! (3 year lease only!)
Future Ship Technology
NYK SuperEco Ship 2030
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