General Topic Seminar 2005.12.28 Joo-Young Baek What is WPAN? General Topic Seminar 2005.12.28 Joo-Young Baek

Contents Wireless Classification WPAN Concept WPAN Standardization IEEE 802.15.1 / Bluetooth IEEE 802.15.3 / IEEE 802.15 TG3a / UWB IEEE 802.15.4 / ZigBee 2018-11-27

Wireless Classification (1/2) WAN WAN-MAN MAN Pico-Cell MAN-LAN PAN LAN-PAN 0km ~50km ~2km ~10m Personal Operating Space WPAN Bluetooth WLAN IEEE802.11 HyperLan WWAN GSM/ GPRS / CDMA WMAN IEEE802.16 2018-11-27

Wireless Classification (2/2) 10 feet 100 feet 1 mile 10 miles 1 Peak Data Rate Range Wider Area, More Mobility 10 100 4G Wireless NAN 2.4 & 5 GHz 4G H/S Wireless LAN 2.4 & 5 GHz Unlicensed 3G/802.16 Wireless Various Bands 3G/MAN Fixed or Pedestrian Higher Rate, Less Mobility Megabits per Second/User 2.5G Mobile/Pedestrian 3G/MAN Mobile .1 Bluetooth PANs 2.4GHz and UWB Zigbee (Europe) 2/2,5G Wireless 800 MHz, 2 GHz Zigbee Zigbee (US) UWB 2018-11-27

WPAN (Wireless Personal Area Network) (1/2) Short-range(0-50m) wireless ad-hoc data communications system Mobile phone, laptop/PC synchronization Built around an object or a person and can be stationary or in motion Allows a significant number of digital devices within range to communicate with each other WPAN Short Range Low Power Low Cost Small Networks 2018-11-27

WPAN (Wireless Personal Area Network) (2/2) Bluetooth, HomeRF: 0.7-2 Mb/s data rates Wireless earphones, hands-free sets Mobile phone – laptop/PC synchronization Low power, low cost High-rate WPAN, UWB systems Digital image/video down-load/exchange Low-rate WPAN, RF-ID Sensors, meter-reading, smart tags/badges, home automation Ultra low power and cost need; short range 2018-11-27

IEEE 802.15 - Usage Models (1/3) 2018-11-27

IEEE 802.15 - Usage Models (2/3) 2018-11-27

IEEE 802.15 - Usage Models (3/3) 2018-11-27

WPAN Standardizations IEEE 802.15.1 Bluetooth SIG (> 1Mbps) IEEE 802.15 Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) Working Group IEEE 802.15.2 Task Group 1 WPAN/Bluetooth™ Task Group 2 Coexistence Task Group 3a WPAN Alt. Higher Rate IEEE 802.15.3 UWB ( > 20Mbps) Task Group 3 WPAN High Rate IEEE 802.15 워킹 그룹에서는 2000년부터 WPAN에 대한 표준을 제정 해 나가고 있다. Task group 1에서는 1998년부터 SIG (Special Interest Group)가 구성된 BlueTooth를 TG2에서는 공존문제를 TG3에서는 고속 데이터 통신을 TG4에서는 저속 데이터 통신에 대한 표준을 각각 다루고 있다. TG1 : 1998년 1Mbps 전송율로 표준을 정하고 2000년 전후해서 개인통신 네트웍의 라디오 기술로서 세계적인 주목 받았으나 5$이하의 가격대 실현 못해서 시장규모가 현저하게 기대에 못미치는 수준 근래에는 10Mbps의 Bluetooth 표준을 제정 하고 기회를 노리고 잇으나 WLAN과의 경계 모호. TG3 경우 멀티미디어 등 고속 데이터용으로 표준화가 진행  이것 또한 OFDM을 이용한 WLAN인 802.11a와 802.11g와의 경쟁을 피할 수 없음. UWB (Ultra Wide Band) 기술을 포함해서 WLAN에 비해 저가격 구현 가능성을 계속 남기고 있다. TG4에 경우 기업들을 중심으로 해서 ZigBee라는 이름의 국제적인 동맹이 결성되어 현재 라이오 및 시스템 관련 제품의 개발과 시장 창출을 위해 협력. 802.15.4 (ZigBee)는 홈네트워크, 무선 장난감. 등의 표준을 제정. 개인 통신 네트웍용 라디오는 낮은 데이터 전송 속도를 통해 싸고, 값싸며 오래 쓸 수 있는 라디오에 적합하도록 표준을 제정 함으로써 근거리에 모든 사물간의 네트워크화가 가능 하도록 하였다. 우리 주변에 있는 모든 기기간의 근거리 접속을 응용으로 해서 홈네트워킹, 산업 기기의 자동화 및 원격 제어에서 방범과 오락 기능, 인간의 건강 진단에 이르기까지 그 범위 광범위. IEEE 802.15.4 ZigBee Alliance ( < 250kbps ) Task Group 4 WPAN Low Rate 2018-11-27

What is Bluetooth? (802.15.1)

IEEE 802.15.1 2018-11-27

IEEE 802.15.1 – Usage Scen. 2018-11-27

Bluetooth Basics Why is it called “Bluetooth”? Universal radio interface in the ISM band that enables portable electronic devices to connect and communicate wirelessly via short-range, ad hoc networks Promoters : Ericsson, Nokia, IBM, Toshiba, Intel, 3Com, Lucent Technologies, Microsoft, Motorola Website : www.bluetooth.com Why is it called “Bluetooth”? Harald Blaatand Translated in English means “Bluetooth” A.D. 940-981 A king of Denmark and Norway Brought Christianity to Scandinavians to harmonize their beliefs with the rest of Europe. symbolize the need for harmony among manufacturers of WPANs around the world. 2018-11-27

Bluetooth Basics [History] 1994 Initial study started at Ericsson, Sweden. ( 1994 Ericsson gets interested in wireless connections from mobile telephones to other devices like PDAs and accessories like Headsets) 1998 Ericsson, Nokia, IBM, Toshiba and Intel formed a Special Interest Group (SIG) to develop a standard. (To develop a wireless standard for communication between mobile devices) 1999 First specification (the physical and link layer) was released and accepted as the IEEE 802.15 WPAN standard. Today Over 1000 companies joined the Bluetooth SIG. ( 2002 IEEE approves PAN-Standard 802.15.1 ) 2018-11-27

Bluetooth Characteristics Cable replacement between devices. Devices can be connected to multiple devices at the same time Short range (10 m) Low power consumption 2.4 GHz (Unlicensed ISM Band) Advantage: worldwide availability Disadvantage: interfere with IEEE 802.11b products Voice and data transmission, totally 1 Mbps Low cost less than US$5 for a Bluetooth chip 주파수 호핑 방식 : 다른 기기와의 간섭을 없애기 위해 스페트럼 확산 방식의 일종인 주파수 호핑 방식을 채용. 한 슬롯마다 무작위로 주파수를 전환하여 고정 주파수에 의한 간섭을 방지하는 동작을 하게 된다. 2018-11-27

Protocol Architecture Bluetooth is a layered protocol architecture Core protocols Cable replacement and telephony control protocols Adopted protocols Radio Baseband Link manager protocol (LMP) Logical link control and adaptation protocol (L2CAP) Service discovery protocol (SDP) 2018-11-27

Protocol Architecture Core Protocols 2018-11-27

Examples of Bluetooth 유엠텍 소비아 삼성전자 SPH-V6900 세계 최초로 플립형 스피커를 내장한 깜찍한 http://sun.uos.ac.kr/network/bluetooth/bt_00.htm http://www.bluetooth.or.kr/ http://homepage.uab.edu/cdiamond/index.htm 삼성전자 SPH-V6900 세계 최초로 플립형 스피커를 내장한 깜찍한 디자인의 블루투스 헤드세트 2018-11-27

What is UWB? (802.15.3a)

IEEE 802.15.3 – Overview (1/2) High data rate WPAN Potential future standard Motivation: The need for higher bandwidths currently supported with 802.15.1 100 Mpbs within 10 meter 400 Mpbs within 5 meter Data, High quality TV, Home cinema Dynamic topology Mobile devices often join and leave the piconet Short connection times High spatial capacity Multiple Power Management modes Secure Network 2018-11-27

IEEE 802.15.3 – Overview (2/2) Based on piconets Data Devices (DEV) establish peer-to-peer communication Includes also a Piconet Coordinator (PNC) 2018-11-27

Piconets and Scatternets Basic unit of Bluetooth networking Master and one to seven slave devices Master determines channel and phase Scatternet Device in one piconet may exist as master or slave in another piconet Allows many devices to share same area Makes efficient use of bandwidth 2018-11-27

Piconet Before a connection is created, a device is in “standby” mode, periodically listen for messages every 1.28 sec. Devices are connected in an ad hoc fashion, called piconet. Each piconet has 1 master and up to 7 slaves. Other devices within the piconet will be considered “parked”. Parked devices, as well as the slaves, are synchronized to the master. P S S M P SB S P SB Standby 대기 : 같은 Piconet 내에 있지 않은 장치들은 대기 모드로 연결 된다. 이 모드에서 각 장치들은 매 1.28초 마다 32hop 주파수 동안 메시지를 기다리게 된다. Page/Inquiry 예약/질의 : 만약 한 장치가 다른 장치와 연결을 하고 싶다면 장치는 상대방의 주소를 알고 있을 경우 Page 메시지를 보내게 되고 아닐 경우 Page message 이후 Inquiry 메시지를 보내게 된다. Master unit은 16개의 동일한 Page 메시지를 16개의 Hop 주파수에 실어서 Slave unit으로 보낸다. 만약 응답이 없으면 master는 다시 16 hop 주파수에 거쳐서 재전송을 한다. Inquiry 방법은 Master에게 MAC address가 알려지지 않았으므로 slave에게서 추가적인 응답을 요구 한다. Active : 데이터 전송이 이루어 지고 있음을 의미. Hold 중지 : master나 slave가 원할 경우, 중지 모드로 전환이 가능하고 이 도중에는 데이터 전송 되지 않는다. 주목적 – 전력 소비를 절감하기 위함. 이 모드 이외에는 지속적으로 데이터 교환이 이루어진다. Hold mode로 들어가는 전형적인 이유중의 하나는 몇몇 piconet간의 연결을 하기 위함. Sniff : slave unit에게만 해당 되는 모드 이고 전력 소비를 절감하기 위한 모드 이지만 hold 모드 만ㅋㅁ은 아니다. Slave는 piconet에서 스스로 데이터 전송ㅇ르 하고 있지는 않지만 이보다 낮은 level에서 전송되는 데이터를 기울이고는 있게 된다. Park : hold 모드보다 더욱 낮은 활동 레벨이다. Slave가 piconet에 동기화되므로 완전한 재 가동을 필요로 하지 않게 되지만 데이터 전송의 부분이 아니다. 이때에는 MAC 어드레스를 장치가 가지고 있지 않게 되지만 마스터와 동기화하고 전해지는 메시지를 확인하기위해서 신호를 듣는 상태. M = Master S = Slave P = Parked SB = Standby 2018-11-27

Scatternet Linking of multiple co-located piconets through the sharing of common master or slave devices A device can be slave in one piconet and master of another No device can be master of two piconets Piconets P S S S M M P P SB M=Master S=Slave P=Parked SB=Standby S P SB SB S 2018-11-27

IEEE 802.15.3 [Target Applications] DCT-2000 Fast file transfers between consumer devices. Visit applications on Web site. Local video distribution and control 2018-11-27

UWB (Ultra WideBand Impulse Radio) (1/2) The Ultra Wideband Working Group (UWBWG) has been founded in response to interest voiced by the UWB Community at the UWB Communications Workshop on May 25-27, 1998, as well as a result of the FCC's NOI(Notice Of Inquiry) on UWB Types of UWB devices (ref. Feb. 14 2002, FCC) Imaging Systems Ground Penetrating Radar Systems Wall Imaging Systems Through-wall Imaging Systems Medical Systems Surveillance Systems Vehicular Radar Systems Communications and Measurement Systems Website : www.uwb.org 2018-11-27

UWB (Ultra WideBand Impulse Radio) (2/2) Radio transmission without RF carrier on a several Features Sub-nanosecond pulses, very accurate timing & positioning Theoretically Gigabit data rate over short distances Interference with narrowband RF traffic can be avoided by using very low transmission power Very high connection speeds, up to 1 Gb/s Spectrum reuse Low power consumption Enabler of new services and functions Cable replacement Wireless USB, Wireless Firewire 2018-11-27

UWB [Spatial Capacity] 1000 Ultra Wideband 1000 kbps/m2 2D Spatial Capacity (kbps/m2) 500 Bluetooth 1 30 kbps/m2 802.11a 83 kbps/m2 802.11b 1 kbps/m2 …. Bluetooth 2 ?, IEEE 802.15.3 ? 802.11b Bluetooth 802.11a ~1000 bits/sec/m2 ~30,000 bits/s/m2 ~83,000 bits/s/m2 r=100m r=50m r=10m 3 co-located 11 Mbps 10 co-located 1 Mbps 12 co-located 54 Mbps 802.11b systems Bluetooth Systems 802.11a Systems 33 Mbps 10 Mbps 648 Mbps 2018-11-27

UWB [Comparison] Compared to Cellular, WLAN, Bluetooth and Ethernet 2018-11-27

UWB [Applications] UWB Applications Communications Radar Tracking Mobile Communication Wide Area Network Home Network Wireless LAN Radar Ground Penetrating Radar Non-destructive Radar Automotive Sensors Intelligent Security Zone UWB Applications Tracking Locator Beacons Precision Location Precision Navigation Ranging Instruments Miscellaneous - Data Line Communication Electronic Countermeasure Wireless Power Transmission Weather Control 2018-11-27

What is ZigBee? (802.15.4)

IEEE 802.15.4 [Characteristics] Data rates of 250 kbps and 20 kbps Star topology, peer to peer possible 255 devices per network CSMA-CA channel access Optional guaranteed time slot Fully handshaked protocol for transfer reliability Low power (battery life multi-month to nearly infinite) Dual PHY (2.4GHz and 868/915 MHz) Extremely low duty-cycle (<0.1%) Range: 10m nominal (1-100m based on settings) Location aware: Yes, but optional 2018-11-27

Industrial & Commercial IEEE 802.15.4 [Target Markets] · TV VCR DVD CD Remote · Monitors Sensors Automation Control Industrial & Commercial Consumer Electronics PC Peripherals · Mouse Keyboard Joystick Gamepad Low Data Rate Radio Devices Personal Healthcare · Monitors Diagnostics Sensors · Security HVAC Lighting Closures Home Automation · PETs Gameboys Educational Toys & Games 2018-11-27

What is ZigBee? Technology that addresses the market needs for cost-effective wireless networking solutions based on IEEE 802.15.4 standard Non-profit industry consortium defining a global specification for reliable, cost-effective, low power wireless applications based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard. Six promoters (Honeywell, Invensys, Mitsubishi, Motorola, Philips, and Samsung) and more than 80 participants 2018-11-27

ZigBee [Characteristics] Dual PHY (2.4Ghz and 868/915Ghz) Data rates of 250kbps CSMA-CA channel access yields high throughput and low latency for low duty cycle devices like sensors and controls Low power (battery life multi-month to years) Multiple topologies Star, peer-to-peer, mesh Range : 50m typical 2018-11-27

ZigBee 와 다른 통신과의 관계                                                                                                                                                                 ZigBee [Comparisons] 2018-11-27

ZigBee vs. Bluetooth ZigBee Bluetooth Smaller packets over large network Mostly Static networks with many, infrequency used devices Home automation, toys, remote controls, etc Bluetooth Larger packets over small network Ad-hoc networks File transfer Screen graphics, pictures, hands-free audio, Mobile phones, headsets, PDAs, etc 2018-11-27

Examples of ZigBee (1/2) 2018-11-27

Examples of ZigBee (2/2) 2018-11-27

WPAN [Data Rate & Range] Data Rates in the Wireless Space 2018-11-27

WPAN [Spatial Capacity] Data Rates and Spatial Capacity 2018-11-27

References UWB 최근 동향 – www.eic.re.kr ㈜ 아나칩스 공학박사 김천곤 ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 Summary – Berkeley university ZigBee Alliance Homepage, www.zigbee.org http://www.bluetooth.com/ 무선 사설망(WPAN) 기술 – TTA 저널 Wireless Personal Area Networks Study Group Wireless Networking: Overview and Roadmap – IEEE oregon section Wireless LAN Standards - Peter Schürholt, HP – NSG Senior Consultan 2018-11-27

References WPAN 기술동향 – 세종대학교, 정보통신학과, 송형규 Wireless sensor networks looking to Zigbee Alliance - By Bryon Gloden, Murat Senel, and Waseem Sheikh ZigBee - Chris Diamond, Michael Gordon, Priya Joshi, Gideon Wamae 2018-11-27