ACCELERATORS in KOREA, PAST and PRESENT MY PERSPECTIVE 18th ICABU2014 NOV 12 2014 Y Y LEE

1959 BEVATRON COSMOTRON SYNCHROPHASATRON AGS 1960 CERN PS TWO YOUNG MEN SENT TO STUDY ABOUT ACCELERATOR

EVENTS AROUND 1959 1958 KOREA ATOMIC ENERGY INSTITUTE ESTABLISHED 1959 FIRST HOME BUILT CYCLOTRON REPORTED 1960 TWO YOUNG STUDETS BEEN SENT ABROAD TO LEARN/STUDY ACCELERATOR EVENTS AROUND 1959

The First Cyclotron in Korea (1959) 1.5 MeV Cyclotron B field : 18,000 gauss Weight : 2 tons Pole diameter : 22 cm Max. Current : 10-9 Amp M.J. Rhee et al., Seoul National University (1959) First Cyclotron (1932) by E.O. Lawrence (Phys. Rev. 40, 19 (1932)

Development of Cyclotrons in Korea Development of KIRAMS-30 (‘07) 2010 - 1MeV Cyclotron (‘00) 13MeV Cyclotron (‘02) Regional Cyclotron Centers 1st Cyclotron in Korea (‘59) 2007 - Proton Cyclotron Operation(‘14) 70MeV Cyclotron (‘19) 1999 - 1984- MC50 Cyclotron Operation(‘84) C30 Cyclotron Operation(‘01) C235 Cyclotron Operation(‘06)

동기 1979말 공대 관악 이전  가속기 실험공간(31동) 마련 실행   동기 1979말 공대 관악 이전  가속기 실험공간(31동) 마련  수직 Tandem형 전환(수평형 문제점 해소, 다양한 이온 가속) (정기형, 박혜일)  본격 착수 (과학재단, IAEA 지원) 실행 1. 가속기 공간 개발  1,2, 지하층 관통(헤머로 뚫기, 정기형, 홍상희, 대학원생) 2. 가용 자원; 공작기기 & 기술, 1,680만원(과학재단) (최종완 과기처장관) 3. 주요 부품 조달 (교내.외)) • 압력용기: 수평형 개조(안전, 기밀문제)새 압력용기 교체(85) (공대 이낙주학장) • 고전압 터미널: SUS 재질로 섬유과 폐품 개조 (직경 58cm x 103cm) • 질량분리 전자석: 물리과 1MeV 사이클로트론 전자석 (물리학과 제공) • 고전압 안정기: Corona Probe + 고저항 (M.K. Metha/IAEA, 박혜일) 4. 장치설계 • 이온빔 수송계통 설계: BOTDM 프로그램 (FOTRAN) 개발 (수송행렬법) (전체 빔 수송계통 확정  개별 광학부품 특성 결정) • 펠렛 설계 : 운반전류; 85x2uA @ 16.3m/s @ 8kg/cm2 • 이온광학부품 : 90도 전자석, EQT, 가속관, 질량분리 전자석, MQD 등 • 빔라인 부품: BPM, Stripper, Steerer, Slit, Generating Voltmeter 등 5. 제작, 시험 • 절연지지대/ 가속관: Stack 조립식 (정기형, 김기홍)/ Porcelain 링 접착 (박주식) • 전하운반: 유도 충전식  펠렛 체인: 스텐관 + 나이론봉 (정기형, 박주식, 우형주) • 자기4극(최희동), 전자석(김기홍) 탄소 포일 (우형주, 조규성) • 조립 시험 (우형주, 박주식, 조규성, 고승국, 이헌주, 황순모, 배영덕, 정대욱 & 대학원생) 결과 • H-음이온 인출(15uA) • 도달전압(1.3MV) • 운반전류(113uA) @8kg/cm2 • 각종 이온광학부품 및 가속기 구성품 특성 시험 완료  박사 논문 * 이온 가속 시험 (86 우형주, 조규성) 및 운전 배움 기술적 : Tandem의 이론과 실제를 배우고 익히다. 정신적 : 모두 힘과 재주를 모아 해냈다 !

High energy and Accelerator workshop FERMI, SPS,PEP,PETRA

Pohang Light source Initiated TEVATRON, LEP

PAL Chronology 1980 1988. 05 Foundation of the Pohang Accelerator Laboratory 1989. 07 Ground breaking 1990 1991. 04 Starting the building construction 1994. 12 Completion of the Pohang Light Source (PLS) 1995. 09 Start of the user service (with only 2 beamlines) 2000 2002. 11 PLS beam energy upgraded to 2.5 GeV 2004. 09 20th beamline available to the user 2009. 01 PLS upgrade project start (3.0 GeV PLS-II project) 2010. 12 Starting dismantlement of the PLS 2011. 06 Completion of PLS-II installation 2012. 03 Resume the user service of PLS-II 2010 2010. 01 Government approval of PAL-XFEL project 2010.05 Project Manager appointed by MEST (Prof. In Soo Ko) 2015.12 Expected completion of PAL-XFEL

PAL Major facility Storage ring Beamline Linear accelerator Total site : 651,048㎡ Linac : 170m (3.0GeV) Strorage Ring : diameter 88m, Circumference 280m Beamline : 30 beamlines in operation

PLS-II Machine Parameters PLS-II (present) PLS (old) Beam Energy (GeV) 3.0 2.5 Beam emittance (nm-rad) 5.8 18 Beam Current (mA) 400 200 No. of Insertion Devices 20 10 Tune (H/V) 15.28 / 9.18 14.28 / 8.18 Natural chromaticity (H/ V) -32.95 / -14.88 -23.36 / -18.19 Harmonic Number 470 468 RF Frequency (MHz) 499.973 500.087 RF voltage (MV) 3.3 (Super Conducting) 2.0 (Normal Conducting) Lattice DBA TBA Operation mode Top-Up Decay Photon Beam Brightness ~1020 ~2×1018

PAL-XFEL Layout Out vacuum Undulator Photocathode RF-gun 3.0 GeV Undulator Line HX1 SX1 Wavelength [nm] 0.06 ~ 0.6 1 ~ 4.5 Beam Energy [GeV] 4 ~ 10 3.15 (2.55) Wavelength Tuning 0.1 ~ 0.06 (Undulator Gap) 0.6 ~ 0.1 (Beam Energy) 3 ~ 1 (Undulator gap) 4.5 ~ 3 (Beam Energy) Undulator Type Planar Planar + APPLE II Undulator Period [cm] 2.6 3.4 Undulator Gap [mm] 8.3 Modulator, Klystron S-band Accelerating Structure

Light Brightness comparison PLS-II (3 Gen.) ~10 billion times Brighter ! PAL-XFEL (4 Gen.)

Aerial view of PAL (Oct 2014) posco iron & steel Co. e PAL-XFEL PLS-II 3-GeV Injector Linac PAL site overview as of Oct. 26, 2014

 양성자가속기 타당성조사연구(96-97, 원연, KAPRA) - 해외 관련연구 시찰 (미 LANL, ORNL, ANL, 97.2 단장,남궁원) - 1회 국제 양성자가속기 워크샵 개최(97.9, 서울대) KOMAC Review : 가속기개발, 이용, 건설 이슈 등 참석자 : 97명 (국외연사 : 조양래, 이용영, 김석홍, 신용무] * International Workshop  ICABU 로 확대 발전  원자력산업용 가속기 개발계획 수립(특정연구, 원연) - KOMAC 및 APR 계획(안) 수립 & 입사기 개발 및 평가 - 2회 양성자가속기 워크샵 (중앙대 안성캠퍼스) KOMAC 개발계획(안) 및 기본설계 검증 참석자: 125명 (중앙대 협찬)  중점 국가연구개발사업(과기처) 제안 – 채택 않됨 과제명: 대용량 양성자가속기 건조 및 산업적 이용  원자력중장기과제 채택(97-02) 대과제 (최병호) : 핵종변환 및 장치개발 세부과제 : 핵파쇄 장치개발

1997 FIRST HIGH POWER PROTON LINAC CONTEMPLATED FIRST ICABU

KOMAC Overview Proton Engineering Frontier Project (PEFP) : 1st phase of KOMAC 21C Frontier R&D Program, MEST, Republic of Korea Objectives: To develop a High Power Proton Linac (100MeV, 20mA) To develop Beam Utilization & Accelerator Application Technologies To Industrialize Developed Technologies Period: July 2002 – December 2012 Budget: 307.4 B KRW (~275.0 M US$) Gov.: 176.3B(57.3%), Local Gov.: 118.2B(38.5%), Industry: 12.9B(4.2%) 66B KRW to Accel. & Beamline (including R&D & personnel expenses ) KOMAC : KOrea Multipurpose Accelerator Complex

Accelerator Development Develop proton linac technologies over the past 10 years Microwave ion source 3MeV, 350MHz RFQ 3MeV~ 100MeV, 350MHz DTL 5 cell elliptical SC cavity Digital LLRF system EPICS based control system

Long-term Plan : Upgrade Proton Accelerator 1GeV, 2MW Proton Accelerator, Pulsed Neutron Source 1GeV, 2MW SFR Linac Long-pulse Neutron Source Short-pulse Acc. Ring Included in National Large Research Facility Road Map('10.12) 1GeV, 2MW Proton Linac + Pulsed Neutron Source To Contribute and advance Neutron Science with Reactor Source Upgrade Plan 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 CDR Development (6years) Survey TDR Operation Strategy for Upgrade Project Accelerator: Developed by KOMAC Target: Utilize MEGAPIE Results (SINQ) Neutron Facility: Cooperate with Hanaro ※ SFR Tech and Land are secured

연구동(2단계 구축) 치료센터동(1단계 구축)

RFQ Prototype RFQ Design (2013.08) Design review (2013.11) - vane machining and 3D measurement - The 1st brazing failed (2014.04) - Brazing procedure modified (2014.05) - Confirmed brazing procedure (2014.06) - RFQ prototype completed successfully through domestic vendor (2014.10) RFQ Prototype test - 15kW SSA, coupler, RCCS are ready RFQ coupler Leak test

Superconducting cavity QWR HWR Parameters Unit QWR HWR SSR1 SSR2 bg - 0.047 0.12 0.30 0.51 F MHz 81.25 162.5 325 Aperture mm 40 50 QRs Ohm 22 42 94 112 R/Q 468 310 246 296 Vacc MV 1.1 1.5 2.4 4.1 Epeak MV/m  35 Bpeak mT  57 55 58 64 Qcalc/109 2.1 4.2 9.0 10.5 Temp. K 4.5 2 SSR1 SSR2 (Ep = 35MV/m)

CONCLUSION ALTHOUGH KOREAN ACCELERATOR PROGRAM HAS STARTED LATE OWING TO EFFORTS AND TALENTS OF MANY MANY OF THEM ARE HERE TODAY WE HAVE PROGREESSED LEAPS AND BOUNDS TODAY WE ARE ABOUT TO BE EVEN WITH REST OF WORLD AHEAD OF?? X-FEL RAON CONCLUSION

THANK YOU

SC Cavity Prototyping CAVITY Manufacturing Process MATERIAL INSPECTION DEEP DRAWING MACHINING 3D SCAN (CMM) BCP EBW