Free Culture - 4 -.

Presentation on theme: "Free Culture - 4 -."— Presentation transcript:

1 Free Culture - 4 -

2 Mere Copyists Let’s YOUTUBE ~ Masters of Photography

3 A History of Photographs
Louis Daguerre, William Fox Talbot,

4 1839 Louis Daguerre invented
In 1839, Louis Daguerre invented the first practical technology for producing what we would call “photographs.” 당시에는 그 기술을 발명자의 이름을 본따서 daguerreotype라고 불렀다. 다게레오타이프를 만드는 절차는 복잡하고 비용도 많이 들었다. 게다가 그것을 만드는 일은 전문가와 열광적인 소수의 부유층 비전문가에 국한되었다. 미국에서는 “다게르 협회”가 결성되었다. 이 협회는 가격을 높은 수준으로 유지하기 위해 경쟁의 수위를 낮추는 방법으로 다게레오타이프 산업을 보호하는 역할을 했다. 1850 Daguerreotype Camera The Chicago Photographic Collectors Society

5 One of the first images ever taken of Abraham Lincoln was a daguerreotype of him as a Congressman taken by Nicholas Shepherd in 1846.

6 The best-known image of Edgar Allan Poe was a daguerreotype taken in 1848 by W.S. Hartshorn, shortly before Poe's death.

7 William Henry Fox Talbot
■ 은판 사진술 년 최초로 영구 음화 Negative 를 만든 사람은 영국인 폭스 탈보트(W.H. Fox Talbot) 였다. 그는 음화를 만들기 위해 매우 얇은 종이에 밀랍을 칠하면 음화가 빛이 통과되어 감광 유제를 입힌 또다른 종이 조각 위에 비춰질 만큼 투명해진다는 것을 발견하였다. 그 결과는 음화의 음화, 즉 카메라 앞의 대상과 일치하는 빛과 어둠의 양화 Positive Print 였다. 탈보트와 동시에 프랑스의 무대장치 설계사인 루이 다게르(Louis Daguerre)의 작업이 진행되고 있었는데, 1837년 그가 거리낌 없이 '은판 사진술'이라고 부른 새롭고 매우 성공적인 사진술을 발명하였다. 광을 낸 구리를 베이스로 하고 솔벤트유에 씻긴 비노출 입자들과 매우 얇게 질산은을 입힌 음화 감관유제를 사용하면 최종 결과는 양화의 그것이었다. 이러한 과정을 알리고 전시함으로서 지대한 대중적 관심을 얻어 다게르는 탈보트보다 먼저 최초로 사진에 대한 대중적 흥미를 불러 일으키는 사람이 되었다. 그러나 다게르의 방법은 세부 묘사에 있어 섬세하고 명료하며 음영이 뚜렷하여 이전의 어느 것 보다 훨씬 정교했지만, 재생불가능한 훨씬 결정적인 한계를 이번의 것과 공유하고 있었다. 처음에 한 장의 은판 사진을 찍는데 적어도 30분은 걸렸다. 이것이 널리 사용된 1839년까지 시간은 단지 20분으로 축소되었다. 은판사진술은 후에 습판으로 대체되어(1851) 2분간 노출하면 되었지만 아직은 느린 감광 유제로 말미암아 매우 한정된 상태였다. The inventor of the negative / positive p hotographic process, the precursor to m ost photographic processes of the 19th a nd 20th centuries.

8 An image of a latticed window in Lacock Abbey in by Talbot is a print from the oldest photographic negative in existence. Talbot engaged in photographic experiments beginning in early 1834, well before 1839, when Louis Daguerre exhibited his pictures taken by the sun. After Daguerre's discovery was announced (without details), Talbot showed his four-year old pictures at the Royal Institution on 25 January Within a fortnight, he freely communicated the technical details of his photogenic drawing process to the Royal Society. Daguerre would not reveal the manipulatory details of his process until August. In 1841, Talbot announced his discovery of the calotype, or talbotype, process. This process reflected the work of many predecessors, most notably John Herschel and Thomas Wedgwood. In August 1841, Talbot licensed Henry Collen, the miniature painter (1798-c1872) as the first professional calotypist. Talbot's original contributions included the concept of a negative from which many positive prints can be made (although the terms negative and positive were coined by Herschel), and the use of gallic acid for developing the latent image. In 1842, for his photographic discoveries, which are detailed in his The Pencil of Nature (1844), he received the Rumford Medal of the Royal Society.

9 A picture by Talbot made in 1853.

10 George Eastman takes pictures with his Kodak camera. Photo: Corbis

11 "You press the button, we do the rest."
“For the first time the snapshot album provided the man on the street with a permanent record of his family and its activities ” Ad for the Kodak camera. 1888

12 The Kodak Primer The Principle of the Kodak system is the separation of the work that any person whomever can do in making a photograph, from the work that only expert can do… We furnish any body, man, woman or child, who has sufficient intelligence to point a box straight and press a button, with an instrument which altogether removes from the practice of photography the necessity for exceptional facilities or,………… 나머지 해설 문안은 …or, In fact any special knowledge of the art. It can be employed without preliminary study, without a darkroom and without chemicals.

13 Let’s youtube for 30 seconds~
Kodak Taking Photo - Ad Let’s youtube for 30 seconds~

14 Lessig thinks of~ What was required for this technology to flourish?
Obviously, Eastman’s genius was an important part. But also important was the legal environment within which Eastman’s invention grew. For early in the history of photography, there was a series of judicial decisions that could well have changed the course of photography substantially. Courts were asked whether the photographer, amateur or professional, required permission before he could capture and print whatever image he wanted. Their answer was no.

15 The right to privacy Pavesich v. N.E. Life Ins.Co. 50 S.E. 68 (Ga. 1905); Foster-Milburn Co. v. Chinn, S.W (Ky.1909); Corliss v. Walker, 64 F. 280 (Mass. Dist. Cr. 1894) These early decisions went in favor of the pirates. No permission would be required before an image could be captured and shared with others.

16 The right to publicity White v. Samsung Electronics America, Inc., 971 F. 2d (9th Cir. 1992), cert. Denied 508 U.S.951 The law would eventually craft an exception for famous people: commercial photographers who snap pictures of famous people for commercial purposes have more restrictions than the rest of us. But in the ordinary case, the image can be captured without clearing the rights to do the capturing.

17 Free Software or Open-Source Software
The best large-scale example of this kind of tinkering so far is Free Software or Open-Source Software

18 Right to tinker Anyone can download the technology that makes a FS/OSS program run. Anyone eager to learn how a particular bit of FS/OSS technology works can tinker with the code This opportunity creates a completely new kind of learning platform. “Open Source becomes a major apprenticeship platform.”

19 The Blog~ The same thing happens with content, too.
The WEB is the first medium that truly honors multiple forms of intelligence.

20 Brown explains~ the chief scientist of the Xerox Corporation
“This is where education in the twenty-first century is going,” “We need to understand how kids who grow up digital think and want to learn.” “Yet, we are building a legal system that completely suppresses the natural tendencies of today’s digital kids We’re building an architecture that unleashes 60 percent of the brain [and] a legal system that closes down that part of the brain.”

21 Lessig concerns~ No way to run a culture
“We’re building a technology that takes the magic of Kodak, mixes moving images and sound, and adds a space for commentary and an opportunity to spread that creativity everywhere. But we’re building the law to close down that technology.” No way to run a culture

22 Education Today and Tomorrow