Modern Korean History: Korea and Imperialistic Japan

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1 Modern Korean History: Korea and Imperialistic Japan
2013 대학원 한국지역연구 Many people say that the Korean peninsula resembles rabbit, a bunny. What’s the typical image of rabbit? It is a typically weak animal. However, Koreans believed, from the old days of the Joseon dynasty (1392–1897), that the peninsula was tiger-shaped. But after the invasion by Japan in the early 20th century, the Japanese tried to "downgrade" Korea by conceiving of it as a weaker animal - a rabbit.

2 Many people say that the Korean peninsula resembles rabbit, a bunny
Many people say that the Korean peninsula resembles rabbit, a bunny. What’s the typical image of rabbit? It is a typically weak animal. However, Koreans believed, from the old days of the Joseon dynasty (1392–1897), that the peninsula was tiger-shaped. But after the invasion by Japan in the early 20th century, the Japanese tried to "downgrade" Korea by conceiving of it as a weaker animal - a rabbit.

3 1876-1953 Arguably the most chaotic period in Korean history
Forced open by imperialism and fought over by other powers Lost her national sovereignty Suffered a 36-year colonial rule Witnessed the division of one ancient country into two modern nations Survived a destructive civil war with international intervention

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6 Japan’s Motivation Security
Korea was too close to Japan to allow Korea or another power to have a military presence Natural Resources Close access to Korea’s coal and iron ore deposits to fuel Japan’s industrial base Foreign Trade Open markets both in Korea and international trade opportunities

7 Treaty of Ganghwa 2/22/1876 Japanese version of Commodore Perry’s opening of Japan – gunboat diplomacy Unequal treaty Open 3 ports Extraterritoriality Residential rights Commercial privileges Open Korea to Japanese ambitions -강화도조약 또는 조일수호조약(朝日修好條約)은 1876년 2월 27일 조선과 일본 사이에 체결된 통상 조약이며, 한일수호조약 또는 병자수호조약 등으로 부르기도 하며, 흔히 강화도 조약이라 한다. 한일 관계에서 중요한 의의가 있으며, 근대 국제법의 토대 위에서 맺은 최초의 조약이며, 일본의 강압적 위협으로 맺어진 불평등 조약이다. -배경: 일본은 자신들이 일으킨 운요호 사건을 핑계로 1876년 1월 30일 조선에 군함과 함께 전권대사를 보내 협상을 강요하였다. 이때 일본에서는 정한론의 기조에 따라 운요호 사건에 대한 조선 정부의 사죄, 조선 영해의 자유항행, 강화 부근 지점의 개항 등을 조건으로 조선을 개국시키기로 결정했다. 그래서 표면상으로 운요호 사건의 평화적 해결, 통상수호조약의 체결이란 구실로 1876년(고종 13)에 구로다 기요타카(黑田淸隆)를 전권대사, 이노우에 가오루(井上聲)를 부사(副使)로 보냈다. 이들은 일진(日進)·맹춘(孟春) 등 3척의 군함으로 1876년(고종 13) 1월 부산에 입항하여, 교섭이 진전되지 않으면 전쟁이 일어날 것을 예상하여 육군을 증가해서 보낼 것을 본국에 요청한 뒤에 강화도로 향하고, 모리야마 시게루(森山茂)로 하여금 예비교섭을 시켰다. 이에 조선 정부는 매우 긴장하여 시원임대신회의(時原任大臣會議)를 개최하고 대책을 토의한 뒤에 신헌(申櫶)을 접견대관, 윤자승(尹滋承)을 부관으로 임명하여 교섭에 대처하게 하여, 강화도를 회담 장소로 결정하고 정식 회담을 열었다. -모두 세 번의 회의를 열었는데 여러 번 결렬될 뻔했다. 이때 조선 정부에서는 흥선대원군 일파와 유생들의 반대로 의견이 제각각이었으나 박규수·오경석 등의 주장과 청나라 북양대신 이홍장의 권고, 고종의 적극적인 개항 의사에 따라 개국을 결정했다. 조선이 개국을 결정하게 된 이유는 (1) 세계 대세로 볼 때에 개국을 해야만 할 객관적 조건이 성숙했으며 (2) 일본 정부의 무력시위가 국내의 척화론(斥和論)보다 강력히 작용했으며 (3) 민씨 일파가 개국을 버리고 쇄국을 하게 된다는 것은 민씨파의 실각, 즉 흥선대원군의 득세를 초래하는 결과를 가져오는 것이었고 (4) 청나라가 개국을 찬성한 것 (5) 고종이 개항에 적극적이었던 점 때문이었다. 사태가 이와 같이 되자 일시중단 상태에 있던 강화도 회담도 급속히 진전되어 1876년(고종 13) 2월 26일에 조인을 끝마쳤다.

8 Kabo Reforms, 1894-96 Japan “reforms” government
Appoint reformers, pro-Japanese people appointed Many studied in Japan and U.S. Hundreds of reform bills passed by Deliberative Assembly Massive social, political reform designed to totally reform nation Queen Min assassinated by Japanese in October 1895 Reforms unpopular with conservatives because of Japanese backing

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11 Japanese Imperialism and the Russo-Japanese War, 1904-05
Increasing tension between Japan and Russia over Manchuria and Korea Japan attacks Russia, stuns everyone by defeating Western power Conclusion of the Russo - Japanese War, Russia recognizes Korea as part of Japan’s sphere of influence.

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14 Japanese Colonialism Japan mixes carrot and stick
military control 1919 March 1st Movement leads to change “cultural rule”: co-opt Koreans forced industrialization The March 1st Movement, or Samil Movement, was one of the earliest public displays of Korean resistance during the occupation of the Korean Empire by Japan. The name refers to an event that occurred on March 1, 1919, hence the movement's name, literally meaning "Three-One Movement" or "March First Movement" in Korean. It is also sometimes referred to as the Manse Demonstrations (Hangul: 만세운동; Hanja: 萬歲運動; RR: Manse Undong). The Samil Movement came as a result of the repressive nature of colonial occupation under the military rule of the Japanese Empire following 1905, and the "Fourteen Points" outlining the right of national "self-determination" proclaimed by President Woodrow Wilson at the Paris Peace Conference in January After hearing news of Wilson’s speech, Korean students studying in Tokyo published a statement demanding freedom from colonial rule. Adding to this was the death of former Emperor Gojong on January 21, There was widespread suspicion that he had been poisoned, credible since previous attempts (the "coffee plot") were well-known. Sejong Cultural Society (

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19 March 1st Movement According to The Bloody History of the Korean Independence Movement by Park Eunsik, 7,509 people were killed, 15,849 were wounded, 715 private homes, 47 churches, and 2 school buildings were destroyed by fire, 46,303 were arrested, 10,000 were tried and convicted The March 1st Movement, or Samil Movement, was one of the earliest public displays of Korean resistance during the occupation of the Korean Empire by Japan. The name refers to an event that occurred on March 1, 1919, hence the movement's name, literally meaning "Three-One Movement" or "March First Movement" in Korean. It is also sometimes referred to as the Manse Demonstrations (Hangul: 만세운동; Hanja: 萬歲運動; RR: Manse Undong).

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25 Japanese Occupation, 1937-1945 Forced mobilization
Slave labor Japanese language Shinto worship Comfort woman “Lost Names” This is the occupation that Koreans remember today Korea was exploited for the benefit of the Japanese Empire. The occupiers attempted to eradicate Korean culture and even forbade Koreans from speaking their own language. But the Koreans resisted continuously, both at home and abroad, until the surrender of Japan, which ended World War II. Sejong Cultural Society (

26 Koreans Struggle for Liberation
Valiant Korean struggle against Japanese forces Assassination of Ito in Harbin by An Chung-gŭn Difficulties at home Korean Provisional Government, Shanghai 1919 Syngman Rhee, An Ch’ang- ho’s works at home and abroad

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28 Liberation, Disillusionment and Division: 1945-1950
Jubilation at liberation short-lived USSR and US accept Japanese surrender 38th parallel as temporary expedient soon becomes permanent US and USSR to work towards “trusteeship” before Koreans “ready” for self-rule Both occupations attract Koreans with similar ideological bent: Korean nationalism already developed left-right split under Japanese Soviets encourage revolution, Americans provide bulwark for conservatives

29 Two Countries in One Nation
US-USSR unable to make trusteeship work Fall1948 ROK and DPRK established Rhee and Kim want a single country under their rule Both regard the other as illegitimate The division of Korea into South Korea and North Korea stems from the 1945 Allied victory in World War II, ending the Empire of Japan's 35-year colonial rule of Korea. The United States and the Soviet Union agreed to temporarily occupy the country as a trusteeship with the zone of control demarcated along the 38th parallel. The purpose of this trusteeship was to establish a Korean provisional government which would become "free and independent in due course." Though elections were scheduled, the Soviet Union refused to cooperate with United Nations plans to hold general and free elections in the two Korean zones, and as a result, a Communist state was permanently established under Soviet auspices in the north and a pro-Western state was set up in the south. The two superpowers backed different leaders and two states were effectively established, each of which claimed sovereignty over the whole Korean peninsula. Sejong Cultural Society (

30 The Korean War in Maps