Ch 14. Gerunds and Infinitives

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1 Ch 14. Gerunds and Infinitives
Understanding and Using English Grammar Ch 14. Gerunds and Infinitives 정샘 영어 Academy

2 Context Gerunds: Introduction Gerunds: 용법
Using a Possessive to Modify Gerund: 동명사의 의미상의 주어 Expressions Followed by -ing Infinitives: Introduction Infinitive 용법: 명사적 용법 Infinitive 용법: 형용사적 용법 Infinitive 용법: 부사적 용법 Infinitive 용법: 관용적 표현 Infinitive 용법: 완료부정사 표현 The Subjects of Infinitives: 부정사의 의미상 주어 Common Verbs Followed by Infinitives Common Verbs Followed by either Infinitives or Gerunds Using Infinitives with ‘Too’ and ‘Enough’ Passive and Past forms of Infinitives and Gerunds Need + Gerunds or Passive Infinitives Using Verbs of Perception Using the Simple Form after ‘Let’ and ‘Help’ Using Causative Verbs: Make, Have, Get

3 1. Gerunds: Introduction
동명사란? - ‘~ing’ form(현재분사)인 동사가 명사처럼 사용될떄, 이를 동명사라고 함. 즉 동사의 의미를 갖는 명사. - 의미: “~하다” 라는 동사를 “~하기” 라는 명사로 해석 // 비교: ing 형태의 비교 You are smoking too much these days //동사 smoking. 진행형(Be+ -ing) You enjoy smoking too much these days. //동명사 smoking. 명사(동사의 목적어) Look at the man smoking over there. //분사 smoking. 형용사(man을 수식) -ing 폼은 - 동사 역할(be동사함께) - 명사 역할 (동명사) - 형용사 역할 (분사) A waiting train // 분사 = a train that is waiting A waiting room //동명사 = a room for waiting A sleeping dog //분사 = a dog which is sleeping A sleeping bag //동명사 = a bag for sleeping 어떤 경우 분사와 동명 사의 구분은 명확하지 않 으나, 양자는 의미가 완전 히 다름 -분사: ~하는, ~하고 있 는 -동명사: ~하기위한,~을 위한,

4 2. Gerunds: 용법 Playing soccer is fun.
= It is fun playing soccer. // 가주어 it 사용으로 변경 가능 = It is fun to play soccer. // to부정사가 동명사보다 더 일반적 Being with you is nice. = It's nice being with you. = It's nice to be with you. I thought it pointless starting before eight o'clock. // 가목적어 it의 사용 동명사의 용법1: 주어 역 할 - 동명사가 주어이면, It ~ 동명사 또는 It ~ to 부 정사 형태로 변경 - It ~to부정사가 동명사 보다 더 일반적. We enjoy playing soccer. (O) We enjoy to play soccer. (X) I finished eating dinner at 10:00 PM. (O) I finished to eat dinner at 10:00 PM. (X) Jim quit smoking. //quit는 동명사만을 목적어로 동명사의 용법2: 동사의 목적어 역할 특정동사들은 동명사만 을 목적어로 취함

5 2. Gerunds: 용법 (Cont.) We talked about going to Japan for our vacation. Anna is in charge of organizing the team. I am interested in learning new programming. 동명사의 용법3: 전치사의 목 적어 (Object of the preposition) 역할 - 전치사 + 명사/동명사 I’m used to sleeping on the floor. //여기서의 to는 to부정사가 아닌 전치사 to I’m accustomed to sleeping on the floor. I look forward to having your answers. They object to changing their plans at this time. We're all excited about his arrival. (O) //전목으로 동명사 보다 명사가 더 일반적 We're all excited about his arriving. (O) 명사와 동명사가 둘다 전치 사의 목적어로 가능한 경우 주 로 명사를 사용 // the + 명사 + of + ing : 명사 + of + ing는 명사+to부정사로 변경안됨 I hate the idea of getting old. (NOT ... the idea to get old ) The thought of failing never entered his head. (NOT The thought to fail ... ) // 형용사 + of (at..) + ing: 형용사+ ing는 형용사+to부정사 변경안됨 I'm tired of listening to this. (NOT I'm tired to listen ... ) She's very good at solving problems. (NOT ... good to solve ... ) 명사/형용사 + ing(동명사) 인 경우 아래같이 변경  the + 명사 + of + ing  형용사 + of (at..) + ing 명사/형용사 다음에 ing(동 명사)가 오면 to부정사로 변경 안됨 A trimmer is a machine for cutting grass and weeds. //명사+for + ing: 용도 Have you got any stuff for cleaning silver? //명사+to부정사: 목적 //비교 I need something for killing flies. //용도: 파리를 죽이는 용도의 something이 필요함 I must find something to kill that fly. //목적: 파리를 죽이기 위해 무엇인가를 찿음 for + 동명사: 사물이나 물 질의 용도를 의미 하는 경우 특정 물건이나 사물을 사용 하는 목적/의도인 경우 to부정 사 사용

6 2. Gerunds: 용법 (Cont..) //주격 보어: be동사 + ing
My hobby is listening to music. //주격보어. be동사+ ing이지만 진행형 아님 동명사의 용법4: 보어역할 - 주격보어 - 형용사 보어 - 목적격 보어 //형용사 보어: 형용사 + ing It's good talking to him. It was worth complaining about the meal. It's nice being with you. // 목적격 보어: 목적어(소유격/목적격) + ing 형태 Do you mind my smoking? // 소유격 – formal Do you mind me smoking? // 목적격 - informal 목적격 보어: 목적어 다음에 동 명사가 오면, 목적어는 동명사의 의미상의 주어 역할을 하며, 이때 목적어는 소유격 또는 목적격. -목적격+ ing형식 -소유격+ ing형식: 더 일반적 -목적격 + 전치사 + ing: 전치사 가 있으면 반드시 목적격 예) Stop / prevent + object + from + -ing // 목적격 보어: 목적어(항상 목적격) + 전치사 + ing 형태 He tried to stop/prevent them (from) finding it out. // 수동의 의미를 갖는 목적격 보어: deserve, need, require I don't think his article deserves reading. (= ... deserves to be read.) Your hair needs cutting. (= ... needs to be cut.) deserve, need, require다음에 오는 동명사는 수동의 의미로 해 석

7 2. Gerunds: 용법 (Cont…) We talked about not going to Japan for our vacation. //참고 Not knowing what to do, I went home. // 분사구문 (negative) = Because I didn’t know what to do, I went home. 동명사의 부정형: - 동사+not + 동명사 - 동사+전치사 + not + ~ing - any/no + good + ~ing - any/no + use + ~ing - not worth + ing It's no good talking to him - he never listens. Is it any use expecting them to be on time? It's no use his/him apologizing - I shall never forgive him. I didn't think it worth complaining about the meal. It wasn’t worth complaining about the meal. // 수동태 및 완료형태의 동명사 She loves being looked at. (passive) She's angry about not having been invited. (negative perfect passive) Mr. Lee complained about Anna’s having come to class late.//과거 = Anna has come to class at 9: 10 AM. And Mr. Lee complained it at 9: 20 AM. Having slept for twelve hours, I felt marvelous. (perfect) //문사구문 = Because I had slept for 12 hours, I felt marvelous. 수동태: being + PP 완료: having + PP 완료 수동: having been + PP // 자체적인 목적어를 갖는 동명사 My favorite activity is reading thrillers. I hate cleaning my bathroom. Smoking cigarettes is bad for you. the smoking of cigarettes is bad for you. (O) //관사+동명사 + of + 목적어 the smoking cigarettes is bad for you. (X) 동명사의 자체 목적어: 동명사는 한편으로는 동사이기 때문에 자체 적인 목적어를 갖을 수 있음. 정관사 the가 동명사 앞에 오게 되면 동명사의 목적어를 취할때 of 를 사용

8 3. Using a Possessive to Modify Gerund: 동명사의 의미상의 주어
We came to class late. Mr. Lee complained about the fact. = Mr. Lee complained about our coming to class late. //소유격: formal = Mr. Lee complained about us coming to class late. //목적격: informal Mr. Lee complained about Anna’s coming to class late. //formal Mr. Lee complained about Anna coming to class late. //informal 목적어 다음에 동명사가 오 면, 목적어는 동명사의 의미상 의 주어 역할을 하며, 이때 목 적어는 소유격 또는 목적격. - 소유격: Formal - 목적격: informal Mr. Lee complained about everyone ignoring his/her duties. // 부정대명사 I insist on John being punished // 수동의미- 존이 처벌받아야한다고 There is little chance of the train being late. // 무생물 주어 I have never heard of Mr. Brown my uncle being injured // 동격일때 Did you ever hear of a man of common sense speaking like that? //형용사 수식 I was surprised at a man of ability doing like that. He tried to stop/prevent them (from) finding it out. // 목적어(목적격)+전치사+동명사 동명사의 의미상의 주어로 목적격을 쓰는 경우 - somebody, all, no one 등 의 부정 대명사 일경우 - 수동의 의미일때 - 사람이 아닌경우 - 의미상의 주어가 동격 - 의미상의 주어가 형용사의 수식을 받고있을때 - 목적어와 동명사 사이에 전 치사가 올 경우 - 동사가 지각동사일 경우 I dislike people telling me what to think // 목적격 + ing I can't imagine him working in an office // 목적격 + ing Nobody can stop him doing what he wants to // 목적격 + ing He spends all his time gambling. // 목적격 + ing I saw him getting out of the car. (O) //지각동사+ 목적격+ -ing I saw his getting out of the car. (X) Did you see her talking to the postman? // 목적격 + ing I saw Anna dragging her boy on the street. // 목적격 + ing 지각 동사일 경우 소유격을 쓰지 않고 목적격 사용 - see, watch, hear, feel 등

9 4. Expressions Followed by -ing
We enjoy playing soccer. 특정 동사는 항상 동명사를 목적어로 취함 Did you go shopping? We went fishing yesterday. Go는 숙어적 표현으로 동명사를 취한다(특 히 recreation activity와 관련된 동사경우) I'm sorry for(about) losing my temper this morning. = I'm sorry that I lost my temper this morning. I'm sorry to have woken you up. = I'm sorry that I woke you up. sorry for/about + ing: 과거에 일어난 사건 에 대해 사과 할때 = sorry + that절 = sorry+ to+ have PP We had fun playing soccer. = We had a good time playing soccer. I had trouble finding his house. = I had difficulty finding his house. = I had a hard time finding his house. = I had a difficult time finding his house. have fun/a good time + -ing have trouble/difficulty + -ing have a hard time/ difficult time + -ing Same spends most of his time studying. I waste a lot of time watching TV. Spend + 시간/돈 + -ing Waster + 시간/돈 + -ing She sat at her desk writing a letter. I stood there wondering what to do next. He is lying in bed reading a novel. sit + 장소 + -ing stand + 장소 + -ing lie + 장소 + -ing When I walked into my room, I found Jim using my phone. When I walked into my room, I caught a thief stealing my wallet. find + 명/대명사 + -ing : 발견하다 catch + 명/대명사 + -ing: 발견하다 consider(고려하다), avoid(피하다), dislike(싫어하다), delay(연기하다), keep (keep on), suggest(제안하다), recommend(추천하다), postpone(연기하다), risk(위험을 무릅쓰고~하다), resist(저항하다), admit(인정하다), imagine(상 상하다), appreciate(감사하다), discontinue(중단하다), resent(화내다), practice(연습하다), escape(탈출하다), allow(허용 하다), permit(허락하다), recall(회상하), quit(그두다), stop(멈추다), postpone (put off), mention

10 5. Infinitives: Introduction
To부정사란? “to+동사 원형” 의 형식으로 사용되어, 일반적인 action/event을 서술하는 단어 To 부정사와 동사의 차이: - 동사는 시제처럼 구체적인 시점에서의 실제적인 activity/action/event를 보여주지만 to부정사는 시제의 개념이 없음 - 동사는 동사기능밖에 없지만, to 부정사는 동사/명사/형용사/부사 기능 To 부정사의 종류: - To + 동사원형 // to가 있는 to부정사 - (to) 동사원형 // to가 생략된 to부정사 동명사 : 일반적인 개념과 서술, 과거적 의미. 부정사 : 구체적인 개념과 특정한 일을 서술, 미래적 의미. To부정사의 forms 1) 진행 to 부정사: to be + ~ing It’s nice to be sitting here with you. He seemed to be smoking a lot. 2) 완료 to 부정사: to have + PP It’s nice to have finished work. = It’s nice that I have finished work. I’m sorry not to have visited you on Tuesday. = I’m sorry that I didn’t visit ~ It ~ to부정사형식은 It ~ that형 식으로 변환 가능 3) 수동 to 부정사: to be + PP There are a lot of work to be done. = There are a lot of work to do. be동사나 명사 다음에 to 부정사 가 오는 경우, 수동형과 능동형의 의미가 유사한 경우가 있음 4) 부정형 Try not to be late. (O) Try to not to be late (X) / Try to don’t be late (X) 부정형: not + to부정사

11 6. Infinitive 용법: 명사적 용법 To ride with a drunk driver is dangerous. // 명사적 용법-주어 역할 = It is dangerous to ride with a drunk driver. = It is dangerous riding with a drunk driver. To hear him speak English, you would take him for an American. //조건 = If you heard him speak English, you would take him for an American.  명사적 용법1: 주어 역할 To 부정사가 주어인 문장은 It ~ to 문장으로 변환 가능 주의: to부정사가 문두에 와도, 항상 주어역할을 하는 명사적 용법이 아님 I want to see the soccer game. // 동사의 목적어 역할 명사적 용법2: 목적어 역할 - 동사의 목적어 think, know같은 동사 다음 에to부정사가 직접올 수 없 으며, 의문사 + to부정사 형 식 to+부사+동사원형: to와 동사원형 중간에 부사가 옴 I don't know what to do. // 의문사 + to부정사 = I don't know what I should do. // 의문사 + S + should + to없는 부정사 I'd like to really understand philosophy. //쪼개진 to부정사(informal) He began to slowly get up off the floor. = He began slowly to get up off the floor.

12 6. Infinitive 용법: 명사적 용법 (Cont.)
// 주격 보어: 주어와 동격 또는 동일한 것을 가리킨다 To see is to believe. 명사적 용법3: 보어 역할 - 주격보어 - 목적격보어 목적격보어로 to부정사를 갖는 동사들: advise, allow, ask, believe, cause, challenge, compel, consider, convince, encourage, enable, expect, forbid, force, hire, instruct, invite, know, order, permit, persuade, remind, require, tell, teach, think, wait for, want, warn 목적보어로 to없는 부정 사를 갖는 동사 - 지각동사: see, feel, hear, .. - 사역동사: let, make, have // 목적격 보어: 목적어가 to부정사의 의미상 주어 역할 I want him to finish the work by tomorrow. (O) I want the work finished by tomorrow. (O) // 의미가 수동이기때문에 PP I want the work to finish by tomorrow. (X)  I want the work to be finished by tomorrow.  (O)  I thought him (to be) a great man.  I thought that he is a great man. // 목적격 보어: to없는 부정사가 오는 경우 1) I saw Jim sing at the concert hall //지각동사+ 목(사람)+ to없는부정사 I heard my sister cry in the room. = My sister was heard to cry in the room (by me). //수동태면 to부정사 사용 2) Mom had my brother clean the house. // have + 목(사람) + to없는 부정사 = Mom got my brother to clean the house. // got + 목(사람) + to부정사 = Mom had the house cleaned by my brother. // have + 목(사물) + PP = Mom got the house cleaned by my brother. // got + 목(사물) + PP

13 7. Infinitive 용법: 형용사적 용법: 한정적 용법
// 한정적 용법(부가용법): 명사나 대명사의 뒤에서 직접 수식 (형용사 역할) ex) beautiful girl. I have no house to live. (X) I have no house to live in. (O) = I have no house in which to live. = I have no house in which I should live. = I have no house which I should live in. To부정사의 형용사적 용법: - 한정용법: - 서술적 용법: 형용사 한정용법시 단어끝에 나오는 전치사 주의. 왜냐하면 전 치사에 따라 의미가 달라질 수 도 있음 - Friends to play with - House to live in I have got letters to write.      // 나는 써야 할 편지들이 있다. I want something to write on.  // 나는 글을 쓸 곳이 필요하다. I want something to write with. // 나는 글을 쓸 도구가 필요하다. I have a parcel to send out. // 보내야 할 There are many books to read. // 읽을 책 We need a chair to sit on. // 않을 의자 She is just the person to do it // 선행사가 to부정사의 의미상의 주어. 그녀는 그 일에 적임자다. There are many things to do today. // 선행사가 to부정사의 의미상의 목적어. (누군가가) 해야될 일. to부정사의 의미상의 주어는 해석상 to부정사의 목적어 의미 가 될 수도 있음 He had the fortune to be born with a silver spoon. = He was rich enough to be born with a silver spoon. // enough 는 항상 형/부사 뒤에서 수식 = He was so rich as to be born with a silver spoon. Ex) Kyunga studied English so hard as to get perfect score on a test. have+명사+to부정사 = 형/부+ enough + to부정사 = so+ 형/부 + as + to부정사 He is the last man to tell a lie. // the last + 명사 + to부정사: 결코 ~하지 않을 the last + 명사 + to부정사: I have no desire to be rich. // 의미상 동격. desire = to be rich //명사들: attempt, desire, failure, need, capacity, plan, claim, tendency, chance, effect, willingness, readiness 시간, 능력, 목적, 목표, 계획 등의 명사다음에 to 부정사가 오 면 의미상 동격:

14 7. Infinitive 용법: 형용사적 용법 : 서술적 용법
// 서술적 용법: be + to부정사: 주격 보어역할 ex) This book is interesting. be + to부정사의 용법 1) 예정: ~할 예정이다: The meeting is to be held tomorrow. (=be scheduled to, =be due to ) 2) 의무: ~해야 한다 : You are to knock before you come in. (= should) 3) 가능: ~할 수 있다 : Not a sound was to be heard in the room. (=can) 4) 운명: ~할 운명이다: He was never to see his wife again. (=be destined to =be doomed to) 5) 의도: ~하려고하다 : If you are to succeed, you must work hard. (= intend to)      // 서술적 용법: 일반동사 + to부정사: 주격 보어역할     . She seems to think so // seem + to부: 그녀는 그렇게 생각했던 것 같다 He appeared to have been able. // appear +to부: 그는 유능했던 것 같다 I happened to see my uncle In the street. // happen + to부: 우연히도 ~하다 일반동사 다음에 to 부정사가 주격보어 역 할을 하는 경우: seem, prove, appear, turn out, happen(=chance), grow (get/come) ~하 게되다

15 8. Infinitive의 용법: 부사적 용법 – 동사 수식
// 부사적 용법: 목적(의도)표현: ~하기 위해서 ~할 목적으로 He went to America to study English. = He went to America in order to study English. (O) = He went to America for studying English. (X) = He went to America for to study English. (X) = He went to America for study English. (X) We eat to live, not live to eat. = We eat in order to live  = We eat so as to live  = We eat in order that we may live = We eat so that we may live = We eat with the view of living = We eat for the purpose of living = We eat with a view to living = We eat with the intension (object, aim) of living To부정사의 부사적 용법: ~하기 위 해서(목적) = in order to I need something for killing flies //용도-파리를 죽이는 용도의 something이 필요함 I must find something to kill those flies. //목적-파리를 죽이기 위해 무엇인가를 찿음 I went to the store to buy some bread. // 목적: to부정사 I went to the store for some bread. // 목적: for + 명사 목적을 표현하는 방법으로 for + 동명사를 사용할 수 없다. for가 목적의 의미로 사용될 시에 는 전치사for를 의미하며, 동명사가 아닌 명사가 온다. // 예외1: be used for + -ing A saw is used for cutting wood. (O) // be used for + ing = A saw is used to cut wood. (O) be used for+동명사는 목적을 의 미하는 특화된 관용어구. // 예외2: 특정상황에서 특정 한 것을 언급할때는 to부정사만 사용 A chain was used to cut down the old oak tree. (O) A chain was used for cutting down the old oak tree. (X)

16 8. Infinitive의 용법: 부사적 용법 – 동사 수식 (Cont.)
// 부사적 용법: 결과 He is so rich as to buy the car. = He is so rich that he can buy the car. = He is rich enough to buy the car. // enough는 항상 형/부사 뒤에 He got up so late as to miss train.     // 너무 늦게 일어나서 (그결과) 기차를 놓쳤다   He was so fortunate as to pass the exam. // 너무 운이 좋아 (그결과)시험에 합격했다 No one is so old that he may not learn. // 배울 수 없을 정도로 나이든 사람은 없다. = No one is so old but he may learn. // but = that ~ not : 정도 The stone is so heavy that I can not lift it. = The stone is too heavy for me to lift. // too~ to는 그 자체에 부정의 의미포함 = The stone is heavy enough for me not be able to lift it. It was such a lovely day that he went out. = It was so lovely (a day) that he went out. 부사적 용법: 결과를 표현하는 방법들 - too ~ to - so+형/부사+(명)+that절 - so+형/부사+as+ to부정사 - such+ a+형+명사+that절 - 형/부 + enough+ for +사람+to부 so +형/부 +as +to부 = so ~that -결과:  너무~해서~하다 -정도:  ~하기에는 너무 ~한  // 참고 She is too ready to cry. // 그녀는 걸핏하면 운다. be + too apt (=ready, likely, prone, liable) + to부정사: 걸핏하면 ~하다, 너무나 ~하기 쉽다 He awoke to find himself famous. // 깨어나서 보니 She lives to be ninety years old. // 살아서 90까지 He grew up to be a great poet. // 그는 커서(그 결과) 위대한 시인이 되었다 무의지 동사 (=live, grow, awake) + to부 정사 : 결국 ~하게 되었다 He left his home, never to return. // 그는 집을 떠나 결국 돌아오지 않았다. He worked hard only to fail in the business. // 열심히 일했으나, 결국 실패만 했다 only+ to부: ~했으나 결국 ~하고 말았다. never+ to부: ~했으나 결국 ~하지 못했다

17 8. Infinitive의 용법: 부사적 용법 - 형용사 수식
// 부사적 용법: 양보 To do my best, I could not finish it in a week. = Though I did my best, I could not finish it in a week. 비록~ 했으나, 아무리 ~한다 할지라도 // 부사적 용법: 조건 To hear him speak English, you would take him for an American. = If you heard him speak English, you would take him for an American.  I would be happy to go with you. = I would be happy if I could go with you. To부정사가 가정법동사와 쓰이면 조건의 뜻(~한다면) -To부 ~, S + would : ~한다면 -To부 ~, S + would have PP : ~했었다면

18 8. Infinitive의 용법: 부사적 용법 - 형용사 수식 (Cont.)
// 형용사 수식: 이유/원인 I am happy to see you again. I am glad to see you again. // 만나서 He must be honest to say so. // 그렇게 말하는 것을 보니 He cannot be rich to ask you for some money. // 돈을 달라고 하는 것을 보니 He must be crazy to behave like that. // 그렇게 행동 하는 것을 보니 형용사 수식: 이유/원인: 이유의 to부 정사는 주로 추측 또는 확실성 (sureness, certainty)의 조동사와 결합 - be+ 형+ to부정사 - may, must, cannot + be + 형 + to부 정사: ~하는것을 보니, ~하다니, // 형용사 수식: 목적 : ~하기에는 ~하다 This book is difficult to read. // 읽기에는 어렵다 This water is not good to drink.      // 이 물은 마시기에 적당하지 않다. The river is dangerous to bathe in.   // 그 강은 목욕하기에는 위험하다. 형용사 수식: 목적: ~하기에는 ~하다 We found it easy to swim across the river. // found + 가목(it)+ 형 + to부정사 Do you consider it wise to interfere? // consider+ 가목(it)+ 형+ to부정사 // 참고 We consider this (to be) very important. //consider+ 목+ to부정사 (생략가능) I consider that I've been completely vindicated. // consider+ that절 가목적어 it 과 같이 사용되면 반드시 형용사가 오고 형용사의 보어역할을 하 는 to부정사(또는 that절)가 옴:  find, make, think, feel, consider consider, ask, promise등의 동사는 목적어로 that절이 올수 있음 Glad to sorry to ready to careful to surprised to fortunate to happy to sad to prepared to hesitant to amazed to pleased to upset to anxious to reluctant to delighted to proud to eager to afraid to shocked to fortunate to content to willing to relieved to proud to motivated to lucky to disappointed to ashamed to determined to

19 9. The Subjects of Infinitives: 부정사의 의미상 주어
To see is to believe. // 일반인이 to부정사의 주어 I want to help her. // 주어가 to부정사의 주어 I want you to help her. // 목적어가 to부정사의 주어 일반인(people)이 주어인 경우 주어 생략 일반적으로 문장의 주어나 목적어가 to부정 사의 주어 Come whenever you are convenient. (X) // 사람주어 불가 = Come whenever it is convenient for you. (O) It is impossible (for us) to solve the problem. (O) //가주어 가능 = It is impossible that we solve the problem. (O) //가주어 가능 = The problem is impossible (for us) to solve. (O) //사물주어 가능 = We are impossible to solve the problem. (X) //사람주어 불가 To부정사의 의미상의 주어 1) 이성적인 판단을 의미하는 형용사 또는 난 이도를 의미하는 형용사인 경우 -가주어/사물주어+ for+사람(목적격)+ to부 -사람이 주어가 될 수 없음 2) 사람의 본성, 품성을 나타내는 형용사 - 가주어 + of+사람(목적격) + to부정사 - 사람주어 + to부정사 3) 사람의 감정을 나타내는 형용사 - 항상 사람이 주어 그러나 주어가 to부정사의 의미상의 목적어 일 때는 사람주어 가능. It is difficult for us to please her. (O) = She is difficult for us to please. (O) //주어가 to부정사의 의미상의 목적어일 경우 = We are difficult to please her. (X) //주어가 to부정사의 의미상의 주어일 경우 He is hard to persuade.     (O) // 설득 대상이 주어(주어가 to부정사의 목적어인 경우) He is hard to persuade her. (X) // 설득하는 주체가 주어인 경우, 사람 주어 안됨 It is kind of you to help me. = You are kind to help me. (O) = I am kind of you to help. (X) He was foolish to do so. (O) = It was foolish of him to do so. (O) We were surprised to hear of his failure. = We were surprised that we heard of his failure. He was glad to see her. = He was glad that he saw her. It is certain that she will win the contest. (O) = It is certain for her to win the contest. (X) It is ~ that 으로 만 사용하는 형용사 (It ~for ~to부정사 불가) : certain, uncertain, clear, evident, probable, 난이 형용사: easy, hard, difficult, safe, dangerous, comfortable, convenient, possible, impossible, dangerous, hard, pleasant, tough, useless 이성적 판단 형용사: - 필요한: essential, necessary, required, urgent, imperative / 중요한: important, vital, / 마땅한: desirable, natural, advisable, right, rational 사람의 감정과 관련된 형용사: astonished, shocked, annoyed, bored, grieved, happy, content, proud, sure, sorry, lucky, thankful 사람의 본성,품성과 관련된 형용사: careless, rude, wise, honest, considerate, bold, generous

20 10. Infinitive 용법: 관용적 표현 to conclude : 결론적으로 to do one justice : 공정히 평가하면 strange to say : 이상한 이야기지만 lucky to say : 다행히도 needless to say : 말할 칠요도 없이 to begin with : 우선 so to speak(=as it were) : 말하자면 to make matters worse : 설상가상으로 to make a long story short : 간단히 말해서 to return (to the subject) : 본론으로 돌아가 to be frank(=plain) with you : 솔직히 말해서 to say the least : 아무리 좋게 말하더라도 to put it (in) another way : 바꿔 말하자면 come (=get, learn, grow) + to부정사 : ~하게 되다. come + to 명사 : ~에 이르다, 도달하다. have only to부정사 : ~하기만 하면 된다. do nothing but + to부정사 : ~하기만 한다. know better than to부정사 : ~할 정도로 어리석지 않다 = be not so foolish as to부정사, = be not such a fool as to부정사 He is not such a fool but he knows it 그것을 모를 정도로 바보는 아니다. = He is not such a fool that he doesn't know it. not(no) ~ other than + to부정사 : ~이외에는 ~않다. only too ~ to부정사(very much(exceedingly)~to부정사) : ~할 정도로 ~하다. 매우~해서~하다. There is nothing for it but + to부정사 : ~하는 수밖에 없다. cannot but + to부정사 (=have no choice(alternative) but + to부정사) : ~하지 않을 수 없다. It is not too much to say that~ : ~라 해도 과언은 아니다

21 12. Common verbs followed by Infinitives
I hope to see you again. He promised to be here by ten. He promised not to be late. 특정 동사는 항상 to부정사를 목적어로 취함 Anna told me to be here at ten. I was told to be here at ten. The police ordered the driver to stop. The driver was ordered to stop. Verb + pronoun + to부정사 형태의 문장이 수동태로 바뀌는 경우 to부정사가 곧바로 동 사뒤에 나옴 I expect Anna to pass the exam. = I think Anna will pass the exam. I expect to pass the exam. = I think I will pass the exam. Ask, expect, would like, want, need 동사는 pronoun이 올 수도 있고 안 올 수도 있음. tell someone to, invite someone to, require someone to, ask someone to advise someone to, permit someone to, order someone to, expect someone to, Remind someone to, allow someone to, force someone to, would like someone to, Warn someone to, want someone to, need someone to, encourage someone to, hope/wish/want/desire(바라다, 소망하다), plan(--할 계획이다), manage(이럭저럭 --하다), afford(--할 여력이 있다), attempt(시도하다), refuse(거부하다), offer(제안하다), need(필요로 하다), ask/demand(요구하다), agree(동의하다), learn(--하게 되다), deserve(--받을 가치가 있다), pretend(--인 척 하다), mean(의미하다), threaten(위협하다)

22 13. Common verbs followed by either Infinitives or Gerunds
I begins to rain / It begins raining. I started to work. / I stared working. It was beginning to rain. 특정단어는 양자를 취함. Main verb가 진행형이면 주로 to부정 사가 쓰임 I prefer staying home to going to the concert. = I prefer to stay home than (to) go to the concert. Prefer + 동명사A + to + 동명사B Prefer + to부정사A + than + to부정 사B: B를 A보다 더 선호한다 Jim stop smoking. // 금연하다 Jim stop to smoke. // 담배피우기 위해 멈췄다 I forget to send the mail. //편지 보내는 것을 잊었다(해야할 일) I forgot sending the mail.//편지 보낸 것을 잊었다(과거의 일) I remember to send the mail. //편지 보내는 것을 기억한다(해야할 일) I remember sending the mail. //편지 보낸 것을 기억한다(과거의 일) I regret to tell you that you fail the exam. //시험에 떨어졌다고 말하게 되어서 유감이 다(미래의 의미) I regret lending him some money. //돈 빌려준것을 후회하다(과거) 어떤 동사는 동명사를 목적어로 취하 는 경우와 to 부정사를 목적어로 취할때 그 의미가 완전히 다름 I am trying to learn English. // 노력하다 The room was hot. I tried opening the window, but that didn’t help. So I tried turning on the fan. //시험삼아 하다, 시도하다 Try + to부정사: make an effort Try + 동명사: 시험삼아 하다 If you want to pass the exam it will mean studying hard. // 의미(or involve) I don't think she means to get married for the moment. // 의도(intend) Mean+ 동명사 = 의미(or involve) Mean+ to 부정사 = 의도(intend)

23 13. Common verbs followed by either Infinitives or Gerunds (Cont.)
She went on talking about her illness until we all went to sleep. She stopped talking about that and went on to describe her other problems. Go on+ -ing: = 'continue'. Go on+ to부정사: activity의 변경을 묘사 (나아가 ~까지 하다) I regret leaving school at 14 - it was a big mistake. We regret to inform passengers that the plane is one hour late. We regret to say that we are unable to help you. regret + -ing: 과거에 자신이 한 사건.행 위에 대해 후회 regret + to 부정사:나쁜 소식을 전할때 - I wouldn't advise taking the car - there's nowhere to park. I wouldn't advise you to take the car ... - We don't allow/permit smoking in the lecture room. We don't allow/permit people to smoke in the lecture room. - The headmistress has forbidden singing in the corridors The headmistress has forbidden children to sing ... advise, allow, permit and forbid + 동명 사 advise, allow, permit and forbid + 목적 어 + to 부정사 - I looked out of the window and saw Mary crossing the road. I saw Mary cross the road and disappear into the post office. - As I passed his house I heard him practicing the piano. I once heard Jim play all the Beethoven concertos. 지각동사 (see, watch and hear) + 목적 어+ing:어떤 사건/행위가 이미 진행중인 가 운데 지각동사 (see, watch and hear) +목적 어+to 없는 부정사: 어떤 사건/행위의 처음 부터 끝까지 She goes to college twice a week to learn typing. Mr. Tom teaches skiing in the winter. She learnt to read German at school, but she learnt to speak it in Germany. I taught myself to type. Learn, study+ 동명사: 공부,lesson자체 를 의미 Learn, study+ to 부정사 = 공부의 결과 를 의미

24 13. Common verbs followed by either Infinitives or Gerunds (Cont..)
I don't like smoking.   // 흡연을 좋아하지 않는다 I don't like to smoke. // (지금)담배를 피우고 싶지 않다 I hate lying.  // 거짓말자체를 증오한다 I hate to lie. // 거짓말을 해야 하는 것이 지겹다 I hate working at weekends. // (반복적으로) 주말에 근무 I hate to work at weekends. // (한번) 주말에 근무 like, hate, dislike, love + 동명사 : (그 자체를)~함 like, hate, dislike, love + to부정사 : ~ 하고 싶다 I'd like to tell you something. I'd like telling you something. (X) would + like, love, hate prefer + to 부정사: would와 결합시 to 부정사만 가 능

25 14. Using infinitive with ‘Too’ and ‘Enough’
That box is too heavy for me to lift up. = It is impossible for me to lift that box. Too (+ 형용사) + to 부 정사 : 너무나 ~해서 ~할 수 없다 (부정의 의미) I am strong enough to lift that box. I can lift it. // 부사/형용사 수식시 반드시 뒤에서 = I have enough strength to lift that box. //명사는 앞/뒤에서 수식 가능 = I have strength enough to lift the box. //명사앞에 오면 강조의 의미 Enough 는 수식하는 명 사 앞, 또는 뒤에 올 수 있다. ( 그러나 Enough가 수식 하는 것이 형용사 또는 부사일때는 반드시 뒤에 옴. Enough is enough. // 앞의 enough는 대명사, 뒤의 enough는 형용사 = That’s enough He is old enough to be independent of his parents. // 부사 Earn enough to maintain a family in comfort. // 부사 Enough는 형용사, 부사, 대명사 역할을 함. 대명사: 더 이상 참을 수 없는 형용사: (수량)충분한 부사: 충분히, 충분하게

26 14. 동명사와 to부정사의 과거형 및 수동태 I didn’t expected to be invited to his party. To부정사의 수동태형은 to + be + PP 형 She seems to be a rich. = It seems that she is a rich. The rain seems to have stopped. = The rain seems now to have stopped a few minute ago. = It’s 5:05 PM now. The rains seemed stopped at 5:00 PM The rain seemed to have stopped. = It’s 5:05 PM now. The rains seemed at 5:00 PM to have stopped at 4:57 PM. To 부정사의 과거형은 to have + PP. 1) 일반동사의 경우 시제는: - 현재 + to부정사 : 현재 - 현재 + 완료부정사: 과거 - 과거 + to부정사 : 과거 - 과거 + 완료부정사: 대과거(과거완료) 주절의동사가 현재시제이면 to부정사 (동명사)의 action은 현재 또는 조금전 에 완료됬다는 의미 주절의동사가 과거시제이면 to부정사 (동명사)의 action은 과거 또는 그 이전 에 완료 됬다는 말. I hope to have succeeded in the exam. 나는 그 시험에 성공했으면 한다. = I hope that I will have succeeded in the exam. 2) 소망동사 경우 (hope, want, wish, intend, promise, expect) - 현재 + to 부정사 = 미래 - 현재 + to have PP = 미래완료 - 과거 + to 부정사 = 과거 - 과거 + to have p.p = 소망동사의 과 거완료 + to 부정사: 과거의 이루지 못 한 소망 ( ~했어야 했는데 ~~하지 못했 다. ) 과거 이전에 완료 됬다는 말. He expects to succeed.  He expects that he will succeed. He is likely to resign.  He is likely that he will resign. He hoped to have seen her at that time. //그는 그녀를 보길 희망했다.(보지 못했 다.) = He had hoped to see her at that time. = He hoped to ser her, but he couldn't do so. He hoped to see her at that time. //그는 그녀를 보길 희망했었다.(봤는지 안봤는지 모름)

27 14. 동명사와 to부정사의 과거형 및 수동태 (Cont.)
I appreciated being invited to your home. 동명사의 수동태는 being + PP. // 일반동사 현재 + having PP : 과거 // 일반동사 과거 + having PP : 대과거 I appreciate having had the opportunity to meet the king. = I appreciate now having had the opportunity to meet the king yesterday. I appreciated having had the opportunity to meet the king. = I met the king in I appreciated in 2008 having had the opportunity to meet the king in 2007. 동명사의 과거형은 having + PP Anna is fortunate to have been given a scholarship. = Anna is fortunate now to have been given a scholarship last month by someone. To부정사의 과거 수동태형은 to + have been + PP I appreciate having been told the truth. = I appreciate now having been told the truth yesterday by someone. 동명사의 과거 수동태는 having been + PP.

28 15. Need + 동명사 & to부정사 I need to borrow some money.
John needs to be told the truth. The house needs painting. // 동명사는 수동의 의미 = The house needs to be painted. // to부정사로 변경가능 Need + to부정사가 일반적이나 특정경우에 동명사가 옴. 이 경우 동명사는 수동의 의미이며 to 부 정사로 변경가능. Need +동명사의 경우는 주로 무엇인가를 고치거나 개선할 경 우 The chair is broken. I needs fixing it. = The chair needs to be fixed. What a mass! The rooms needs cleaning. We need to clean the room before someone watch it.

29 16. Using Verbs of Perception (지각동사)
I saw Tom run down the street. //동사원형 I saw Tom runs down the street. (X) // 동사 원형이 와야 함. I saw Tom to run down the street. (X) // to부정사 못 옴 I saw Tom running down the street. (O) // 분사 I saw Tom while he was running down the street. I heard the opera star singing at the concert last night. = The opera star was singing when I heard it. 지각동사+동사원형, -ing폼 동명사의 경우 while의 의미강 조 See는 의식하든 안하든 무엇 인가가 시야에 들어왔다는 의 미 See if = find out Look at은 관심을 가지고 집 중해서 보려느 의지와 노력이 들어 있음. Look at + 목적어 목적어가 없으면 그냥 Look . Look (at) + wh- clause Suddenly I saw something strange. Suddenly I looked at something strange. (X) Stand up and see if she’s there. I looked at the photo, but I didn’t see anyone I knew. Look! What I got here. Look (at) what I’ve done here! Look who’s here. I usually watch football match on Sunday afternoon. Watch that man – I want to know everything he does. While I was watching TV, Anna dropped me in. (O) While I was seeing TV, Anna dropped me in. (X) Have you ever seen the movie “ Gone with wind” ? (O) Have you watched the movie “ Gone with wind” ? (X) We watched / saw a movie on TV yesterday. Watch 는 look at과 유사하 나 무엇인가가 진행중인 경우 나 발생할 예정인 경우. ( watch things that change, move or develop) Watch out! // 조심해라 , 주의해라. See hear, feel, smell Notice, listed to, Watch, Look at, observe

30 17. Let, Help + simple form My father let me drive his car. (O) // 동사원형이 옴. My father let me drove his car. (X) My father let me to drive his car. (X) I let my friend use my car. //동사원형 = I allowed my friend to use my car. = I permitted my friend to use my car. Let, Help + 동사원형 Let은 causative verb와 유사하 나, allow, permit의 의미 My brother helped me wash my car. = My brother helped me to wash my car. (O) Help = assist Help 는 to부정사와 동사원형 둘 다 가능

31 18. Using Causative Verbs(사역동사): Make, Have, Get
made/have + 사람 + to 없는 부정사 (일회적) made/have + 사람 + PP // 수동의 의미 made/have + 사람 + -ing // 능동의 의미(진행,반복) made/have + 사물 + PP // 수동의 의미 made/have + 사물 + -ing // 능동의 의미(진행,반복) S + get + 사람 + to 부정사 S + get + 사람 + PP // 수동의 의미 S + get + 사물 + -ing // 능동의 의미 I made my brother carry my suitcase. (O) // 동사원형. = I forced my brother to carry my suitcase. //force + to부정사 I had my brother carry my suite case. = My brother carried my suitcase simply because I asked him. We'll soon have you walking again // 너를 걷게 만들다 He had us laughing all through the meal. // 우리를 웃게 만들다 Anna has his shirts cleaned at the drycleaner. Pat is having her car repaired this week. I can make myself understood pretty well in English. // 이해되게하다 사역동사란?: X causes Y to do something (for X). (제3자에게 무엇인가를 행위를 하게 만드는 동사) made/have + 사람 + 동사원형 made/have + 사람 + PP made/have + 사람 + -ing made/have + 사물 + PP made/have + 사물 + -ing get + 사람 + to 부정사 get + 사물 + PP get + 사물 + -ing 목적어(주로사람)+to 부정사: cause somebody to do something 사역동사+목적어+ ~ing: 목적어가 ~하게 하 다(목적어가 –ing의 주체) cause somebody to be doing something 사역동사+목적어+PP: 목적어가 ~ 되게 하다 (목적어가 -ed의 결과) cause something to be done by somebody else I got my brother to carry my suitcase. = I managed to persuade my brother to carry my suitcase. Angela got her paper typed by a friend. Do you think you can get the radio working? Mary got her husband arrested // 체포되게 하다 The king had the guard come before him. // 한번 시행 The king had the guard coming before him. // 현재일어나고 있거나, 반 복적으로 시행