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Ch 3. Resistance Exercise

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1 Ch 3. Resistance Exercise

2 Resistance Exercise Muscle performance : the capacity of a muscle to do work (force * distance) : 일을 할 수 있는 근육의 능력 Key elements of muscle performance : Strength Power Endurance => if any one or more of these areas of muscle performance is impaired, functional limitations and disability or increased risk of dysfunction =>Many factors such as injury, disease, immobilization, disuse, or inactivity may result in impaired muscle performance…

3 Therapeutic intervention : Resistance exercise
Improve the integrated use of strength, power, and muscular endurance during functional movements to reduce the risk of injury or reinjury to enhance physical performance Resistance exercise : any form of active Ex in which a dynamic or static muscle contraction is resisted by an outside force, applied either manually or mechanically Resistance Ex ~Resistance training essential element of rehabilitation programs

4 Muscle performance and resistance exercise definitions and guiding principles
Strength Muscle strength Functional strength Strengthening Ex Adaptation to heavy resistance Ex Increase in the maximum force producing capacity of muscle Increase muscle strength  the result of neural adaptations and an increase in muscle fiber size

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6 Power Muscle power: strength and speed of movement and is defined as the work (force * distance) produced by a muscle per unit of time (force * distance/time) The rate of performing work

7 Endurance Ability to perform low-intensity, repetitive, or sustained activities over a prolonged period of time Cardiorespiratory endurance : repetitive, dynamic motor activities Walking, cycling, swimming, upper extremity ergometry (large muscles) Aerobic power ~ muscle endurance Maintenance of balance and proper alignment of the body segments : endurance by the postural muscles Key elements : low intensity muscle contraction, high repetitions, a prolonged time period Increase in their oxidative and metabolic capacities, which allow better delivery and use of oxygen

8 Overload principle To improve muscle performance
application of the overload principle (repetitions, sets, or frequency of exercise) in a strength training program, the amount of resistance applied to the muscle is incrementally and progressively increased In endurance training, more emphasis is placed on increasing the time a muscle contraction is sustained or the number of repetitions performed than on increasing resistance

9 SAID principle Specific adaptation to imposed demands
Apply to all body systems and extension of Wolff’s Law (body systems adapt over time to the stresses placed upon them) To create specific training effects and best meet specific functional needs and goals Specificity of training Specificity of exercise : widely accepted concept that suggests that the adaptive effects of training, such as the improvement of strength, power and endurance

10 Specificity of training
근력, 일률, 지구력 개선과 같은 적응성 효과가 선택된 훈련방법이 고도의 특이성을 갖고 있음 훈련프로그램에서 구체화되는 운동은 가능한 한 언제나 예상되는 기능을 추구 Mode (type) and velocity of Ex Patient or limb position (joint angle) Movement pattern Transfer of training Overflow or cross training

11 Reversibility principle
Adaptive changes in the body’s system Increased strength or endurance, in response to resistance exercise program are transient unless training-induced improvements are regularly used for functional activities or unless an individual participate in a maintenance program of resistance Ex.

12 Skeletal muscle function and adaptation to resistance Ex
Knowledge of the factors that influence the force-producing capacity of normal muscle during an active contraction Adapt neuromuscular system Factors that influence tension generation in normal skeletal muscle Diverse but interrelated factors affect the capacity of normal skeletal muscle to generate tension to control body and perform motor tasks (table 3-1). energy stores, blood supply Muscle : adequate sources of energy to contract, generate tension, and resist fatigue Blood supply

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14 Fatigue A complex phenomenon that affects muscle performance and must be considered in a resistance training program A variety of definitions that are based on the type of fatigue being addressed 1.Muscle (local) fatigue : the diminished response of muscle to repeated stimulus Progressive decrement in the amplitude of a motor unit potentials When a muscle repeatedly contracts either statically or dynamically, against an imposed load

15 Diminished response of the muscle
Disturbances in the contractile mechanism of the muscle itself because of a decrease in energy stores, insufficient oxygen, and a build-up or lactic acid Inhibitory influences from the central nervous system Possibly a decrease in the conduction of impulses at the myoneural junction, particularly in fast twitch fibers

16 Type II : Type I : phasic, fast-twitch muscle fiber
a great amount of tension in a short period of time Anaerobic metabolic activity Fatigue quickly Type I : Tonic, slow twitch A low level of muscle tension Contraction for a long time Slow to fatigue

17 운동하는 동안 근피로의 임상징후

18 2. Cardiorespiratory fatigue
Diminished response of an individual as the result of prolonged physical activity Walking, jogging, cycling, or repetitive lifting or digging Body’s ability to use oxygen efficiency Endurance training A decrease in blood sugar (glucose) levels A decrease in glycogen stores in muscle and liver A depletion of potassium, especially in the elderly patient

19 Factors that influence fatigue
A patient’s health status Diet Lifestyle Neuromuscular, cardiorespiratory, oncological, inflammatory, or psychological disorder 회복 중 근육에서 일어나는 변화 근육의 힘 생성 능력이 운동 전 상태의 90~95%로 되돌아 가려면 운동 후 1분 안에 가장 빠르게 회복되고 대개 3~4분이 걸림 에너지 저장이 다시 시작된다 젖산은 운동 후 한시간 정도가 지나면 골격근과 혈액에서 사라진다 근육들 속의 산소 저장량이 재충전된다 글루코겐은 며칠이 지난 후 다시 충전된다

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21 Psychological factors
Attention 주어진 과제를 어떻게 정확하게 수행하는지를 배우기 위해 집중할 수 있어야 한다. Motivation Feedback 환자의 동기와 운동 프로그램에 긍정적인 영향을 준다.

22 Physiologic adaptation associated with resistance Exercise
Neural adaptations 장력발생 능력은 근 자체의 적응성 변화가 아니라 신경반응이 크게 기여함 운동학습과 협응력 향상 및 운동단위 흥분수 증가 Skeletal muscle adaptations Hypertrophy : 근원섬유 용적의 증가로 인해 각각의 크기가 증가, 중간에서 높은 강도의 저항운동 후 4~8주 비대가 일어나지만, 매우 높은 강도 저항 훈련시 2~3주 내로 근력획득에 근거 되는 비대가 증가 Hyperplasia : 강한 저항 훈련이 근섬유수 증가 Muscle fiber type adaptation : II형 섬유가 강한 저항훈련에서 우선적으로 비대 Vascular and metabolic adaptations Adaptations of connective tissues Tendons, ligaments, and connective tissue in muscle bone

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24 Determinants of resistance Ex
Alignment and stabilization Substitute motion(대상운동) Alignment : 강화될 근육을 잡아당기는 선과 근 섬유의 방향에 의해 결정됨. Stabilization : 외적 고정(치료사의 손이나 벨트), 내적 고정 (고관절 굴곡복부 안정)

25 강도(intensity) Intensity: Submaximal vs. maximal exercise loads
각각의 운동 반복 동안 수축하는 근육에 부과되는 저항의 양 운동부하로써 근육에 가해지는 부하를 의미 Submaximal vs. maximal exercise loads Submaximal load (중간과 낮은 강도로 운동) Maximal load (고강도 운동) * 운동의 강도는 통증을 일으켜서는 안된다.

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27 Submaximal loading (중간과 낮은 강도로 운동)
운동의 프로그램의 시작에서 저항운동에 대한 환자의 반응을 평가시 연부조직 치유의 초기단계에서 손상된 조직을 보호해야 할 때 관절 연골이 견딜수 없는 큰 압박력이 주어지거나 병리학적 골절의 위험 요소 증가로 뼈의 탈미네랄화가 일어나는 고정 기간 후에 대부분의 아이들과 노인들에게 운동의 목표가 근지구력을 증진하는 것일때 운동 단계 이전과 이후의 준비 운동 및 마무리 운동시 관절에 압박력을 최소화하는 느린 속도로 등속성 운동을 하는 동안

28 Near maximal or maximal load (high-intensity exercise) :최대에 가깝거나 최대부하
운동목표가 근력증가 및 일률 증가와 가능하다면 근 크기 증가일때 건강한 성인이 근골격계 손상을 당한 후 레크레이션 활동이나 고도의 작업환경으로 돌아가기 위한 준비로 재활프로그램 마지막 단계에서 알려진 병과가 없는 개인에게 맞는 조건화된 프로그램에서 적극적으로 부하를 들어올리거나 바디 빌딩을 하는 개인 훈련시

29 Initial level of resistance and documentation of training effects
Repetition maximum 1 RM : DeLorme (대상자가 단지 1번, 완전 가동범위를 통해 들어올릴 수 있는 가장 큰 부하의 양) 1RM 부적절한 경우: 관절손상을 가진 사람에게는 연부조직의 손상, 골다공증이나 심혈관 질병을 유발할 위험 10RM=1 RM의 75% The strength-training zone A percentage of the RM : 30~40% ~ 90~100% Endurance training: 30~50% use.

30 Additional methods of determining baseline strength and a beginning exercise load
Cable tensiometry Isokinetic or handled dynamometry Percentage of body weight, the percentages are meant as guidelines and are based on 10 repetitions of each exercise at the beginning of the exercise program; percentage vary for different muscle groups

31 Volume In resistance training the volume of exercise : the summation of the total number of repetitions and sets of a particular exercise during a single exercise The higher the intensity, the lower the volume must be, and the converse is true The volume of Ex Frequency of exercise sessions Type of muscle contraction Order of exercise Rest intervals

32 Repetitions and sets The number of repetitions in a dynamic exercise program : the number of times a specific movement is repeated 1 RM의 75%의 부하로 운동 할 때 쉬지 않고 거의 10번을 완전하게 수행, 60%의 강도로는 15번 가능, 90% 강도로는 4~5번 가능 Training to improve strength or endurance impact of exercise load and repetitions To improve muscle strength 10RM의 3 set 근력획득 : 1RM~15RM, 최근 추천 2~3 세트동안 6~12RM To improve muscle endurance 최대하 부하에 대항하는 운동을 많이 반복수행 : 3~5세트의 40~50회 Frequency Frequency in a resistance exercise program : the number of Ex sessions per day or per week Duration Exercise duration : the total number of weeks or months during which a resistance exercise program is carried out

33 Rest interval Purpose of rest intervals
Rest : critical element of a resistance training program and is necessary to allow time for the body to recuperate from the acute effects of Ex Appropriate balance of progressive loading and adequate rest intervals : muscle performance Integration of rest into exercise 운동 근육군의 각 휴식간격은 운동강도와 운동량에 따라 달라짐 중간정도의 강도와 양 (8~12 RM) : 30~60초의 휴식시간

34 Mode The mode of exercise in a resistance exercise program : the form or type of exercise or the manner Forms of resistance 적용되는 저항방법에 따라 도수저항과 기계적 저항 일정한 저항이나 다변적 저항은 기계적 저항의 사용 조정된 저항은 등속성 근력계를 운동하는 동안 능동 움직임의 속도를 조절하는데 이용함으로써 도구화 항중력 자세에서 운동 수행시 체중이나 부분적 체중은 항상 저항원

35 Type of muscle contraction
등척성이나 율동적 근수축의 사용은 운동유형의 두가지 기본 선택권 율동적 저항운동은 구심성 수축과 원심성 수축 사지 움직임의 속도가 속도조절 기구에 의해 일정하게 유지될 때 등속성 수축이란 용어를 사용 position during exercise: weight-bearing or nonweight-bearing Nonweight-bearing : open chain Ex Weight-bearing : close chain Ex

36 Characteristic of concentric and eccentric contraction during exercise

37 Range of movement: short-arc or full-arc Ex
Energy systems Anaerobic ex : high-intensity ex carried out for a very few number of repetitions because of rapid muscular fatigue (저항운동) Aerobic ex : low-intensity, repetitive ex of large muscle groups, performed over an extended period of time (지구력 운동) Range of movement: short-arc or full-arc Ex Available range of movement (full-arc ex) : to develop strength through the ROM Short arc Ex : to avoid painful arc of motion : joint is unstable, to protect healing tissues after injury or surgery Mode of exercise and application to function Mode-specific training is essential if a resistance training program is to have a positive effect on function

38 Speed of Exercise Force-velocity relationship
근육을 수축하는 속도는 근육에 의해 생성되는 장력에 뚜렷한 영향을 줌 힘과 속도의 관계는 구심성 수축과 원심성 수축 구심성 근수축 : 근육 단축의 속도가 증가함에 따라 근력이 생산할 수 있는 힘이 감소 수축하는 근육에서 근전도의 활성과 토크는 근육이 빠르게 짧아질수록 감소 근육이 최대장력을 유발하기 위해 적당한 시간을 갖지 않았기 때문 원심성 근수축 : 능동적인 근 길이 증가속도가 증가함에 따라 구심성 수축활동에 비해 원심성 활동이 일관성은 없지만 처음에는 근육내 힘 생산이 증가하였으나 나중에는 빠르게 균등

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40 Application to resistance training
Periodization Periodized training : an approach to resistance training that builds systematic variation in exercise intensity and volume at regular intervals over a specified period of time Integration of function into a resistance exercise program A balance of stability and active mobility A balance of strength, power, and endurance Progression of movement patterns during resistance exercise

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42 Types of resistance exercise
Manual and mechanical resistance Ex Manual resistance Ex Mechanical Resistance Ex Isometric Exercise : a static form of exercise in which a muscle contracts and produces force without an appreciable change in the length of the muscle and without visible joint motion Types of isometric Ex Muscle setting ex : low-intensity isometric exercises performed against little to no resistance Stabilization exercise : to develop a submaximal but sustained level of co-contraction to reduce instability and enhance joint or postural stability by means of midrange isometric contraction against resistance in antigravity positions and in weight-bearing postures

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45 Mechanical resistance Ex
Manual resistance Ex 치료사, 다른 보건 전문가, 또는 자기 저항의 방법을 배운 환자 자신에 의해 제공되는 능동적인 저항 운동의 한 형태 최소 저항과 중간 정도의 저항에 대항 약화된 근육을 강화시키는 운동프로그램의 초기 단계 저항의 양은 치료사의 근력에 의해 제한 Mechanical resistance Ex 기계적 저항운동은 기구나 기계적 장치의 이용을 통해 적용되는 능동적인 저항운동 저항의 양을 정량적으로 측정할 수 있으며 시간의 경과에 따라 진행 치료사가 도수적으로 적용할 수 있는 저항의 양보다 더 큰 저항을 필요로 할때

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47 Special considerations for isometric training
Intensity of muscle contraction Exercise load of 60 to 80 % of a muscle’s force-developing capacity to gain strength Duration of muscle activation Static muscle performance, an isometric contraction should be held for 6 to 10 seconds: 2초는 시작시간, 6초는 유지시간, 2초는 정리시간 Repetitive contractions Use of repetitive contractions, held for 6 to 10 seconds, cramp↓ Joint angle and mode specificity No more than 10 degrees in either direction in the ROM from the training angle Four to six points in the range of angle Limitations of isometrics Resisted isometric Ex is not as effective for developing muscle endurance as resisted dynamic exercise

48 Dynamic Exercise : concentric and eccentric
A dynamic muscle contraction causes joint movement and excursion of a body segment as the muscle contracts and shortens (concentric contraction) or lengthens under tension (eccentric contraction)

49 Concentric muscle contraction :
신체분절을 가속시키는 반면, 원심성 수축은 방향이나 운동량의 갑작스런 변화시 신체분절을 감속 근육 긴장도 변화가 일어나고, 근육의 물리적 단축이 발생하고, 무거운 것을 옮기는것처럼 외력을 극복하는 역동적 근부하 형태로 반응 Eccentric muscle contraction : 큰 충격활동을 하는 동안 충격흡수의 원천 근육의 힘 생성 능력을 초과하는 부하를 조절하기 위해 근육이 길어지면서 장력을 발생하게 되는 동적인 저항운동의 한 형태 구심성과 원심성 운동을 하는 동안 저항의 적용 Constant resistance, such as body weight, a free weight, or a simple weight-pulley system A weight machine that provides variable resistance An isokinetic devices that controls the velocity of limb movement

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51 내려갈때 저항은 근육의 활동성, 수축성 구조뿐만 아니라 근육의 비수축성 구조에 의해서 조절된 저항으로 힘이 발생
들어올릴때 저항 : 근육의 수축성 구조만이 저항 같은 조건하에서 최대 원심성 수축은 최대 구심성 수축보다 더 큰 힘을 발생

52 Dynamic exercise: constant vs variable resistance
일정한 동적외부 저항 운동 아령, cuff weight, weight machine, pulley system 자유무게에 의해 제공된 일정한 외부저항에 대해 가동범위 내에서 사지를 움직이는 저항훈련 가변성 저항 운동 근육에 저항을 주기위해 수축된 근육에 다양한 수준의 저항을 더 제공 저항은 불규칙하게 생긴 cam, lever-arm system 탄성적 저항도구 => 사지움직임의 왕복 및 속도는 환자에 의해서 조절


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