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Effects of exercise on metabolism in children

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1 Effects of exercise on metabolism in children
안녕하세요. 서울여자대학교 체육학과에 재직하고 있는 장혁기라고 합니다. 오늘 소아분과에서 운동의 효과에 대해서 발표하게 되어 영광으로 생각합니다. 운동과 대사는 저의 집중 연구파트도 아니고 많이 부족하지만, 제가 준비한 내용을 발표하도록 하겠습니다. Seoul Women’s University College of Natural Science Dep. of Human movement Science Hyukki Chang, Ph.D.

2 Contents Introduction What is exercise intensity?
Appetite regulation and exercise Exercise metabolism in children Exercise timing and fat oxidation Conclusions 오늘 제가 발표하게 될 내용은 보시는 바와 같습니다. 서론을 하고, 운동강도에 대해서 섭식조절과 운동 운동 대사

3 Introduction

4 The occurrence of children obesity is steadily increasing in United States over decades, from 6.5% in to around 18.0% in (Ogden et al., 2002, 2007, 2012). 잘 아시는 데로 소아비만은 점점 늘어나고 있는 주세입니다. 미국의 경우 소아 비만율이 1980년에 현재는 약 20%정도에 이르고 있고, 우리나라도 보시는 것처럼 점점 증가하는 추세입니다. 늘어나는 정크 푸드와 신체활동의 부재가 가장 큰 원인으로 꼽히고 있습니다. The occurrence of children obesity in elementary school aged children of Korea (Ministry of Education, Science and Technology, 2011) One of such significant target for preventing childhood obesity is daily physical activity (Fisher et al., 2011).

5 Obese Syndrome Components
Glucose intolerance Insulin resistance Dyslipidemia Type 2 diabetes Hypertension Elevated plasma leptin concentration Increased visceral adipose tissue Increased risk of CHD & some cancers 비만은

6 Causes of Obesity Obesity is a long term process.
Obesity frequently begins in childhood. Regardless of final body weight as adults, overweight children exhibit more illnesses as adults than normal kids. 비만은 갑작기 찾아오는 것이 아니라 장시간동안 서서히 쌓여가는 것입니다. 사람은 식물처럼 물과 햇빛만으로 광합성을 하지 못하기 때문에, 먹지않고 살찐다는 건 말이 않되지요. 제 아이가 할아버지 할머니로부터 음식을 남기면 않된다고 교육을 받고 자랐는데…..점점 뚱뚱해지더라고요. 왜인가 했더니 배불러도 남기면 않되는지 알고 꾸역꾸역 먹어더라고요. 그래서 제가 배불르면 남겨도 된다…그랬더니….할아머니한테 가서 울면서 아빠가 배부르면 남겨도 된다더라….나 할머니때문에 살쪘다라고 하더라요.. 제가 생각해보니, 소아비만은 부모님의 책임도 있지 않나 생각이 들었습니다. 더 큰 문제는 소아비만이 성인비만으로 이어지기 때문에 그 교육이 중요한 것 같습니다.

7 Hypothetical relationships between physical activity and health in children and adults. (Colin, 2001) Childhood activity Childhood health 어린시절 활동을 많이하면 건강하다는 증거일겁니다. 어린시절 활동을 많이 하는 아이는 어른이 되어서도 활동량 많을 겁니다. 그리고, 건강한 성인으로 자랄 수 있을 것입니다. 어린시절의 활동은 매우 중요하다고 볼 수 있습니다. Adult activity Adult health

8 Relative roles of physical activity and diet for obesity prevention and treatment.
↓ BODY FAT ↑ MUSCLE MASS MEATABOLIC SYNDROME PREVENTION AND TREATMENT 다음은 비만 예방 및 치료를 위하여 다이어트와 신체활동의 역할입니다. 다이어트는 체중과 체지방량을 감소시킴으로 비만 치료에 효과적입니다. 신체활동은 근육량의 증가를 가져오기 때문에 체지방율의 현격한 감소를 보이면서, 대사증후군의 예방과 치료에 도움을 주기때문에 신체활동은 매우 중요하다고 할 수 있습니다. OBESITY TREATMENT (Brambilla, 2011)

9 Efficacy of diet and physical activity
on the metabolic risk. Physical Activity Diet Efficacy Metabolic Risk 100 메타볼릭 리스크가 적은 사람은 신체활동보다 다이어트를 중점적으로 실시해도 큰 효과를 볼 수 있습니다. 하지만, 대사 위험도가 높은 사람들은 다이어트보다 신체활동에 더 중점을 두어야지 큰 효과를 볼 수 있습니다. 비만의 예방과 치료에는 신체활동 또는 운동의 중요성은 아주 잘 알려져 있습니다. (Brambilla, 2011, modified by Garrow et al.)

10 What is Exercise Intensity?
그럼, 운동은 다 같은 운동일까? 특히 운동의 강도에 대한 개념은 무엇일까? 에 대해서 알아보도록 하겠습니다.

11 To the best effects on exercise
Improvements & Benefits Mode Intensity Frequency Duration 운동의 기본요소로는 운동의 종류, 강도, 빈도, 기간으로 나눌 수 있습니다. 이 모든 요소의 절절한 조화가 우리 몸에 긍정적 이득을 극대화 시킬 수 있습니다. FITT 4가지 요소 중에 운동강도는 약의 농도로 생각하실 수 있습니다. (the half maximal Effective concentration) EC50처럼 운동도 강도에 따라서 적절한 효과가 있다라고 할 수 있습니다.

12 Intensity of Exercise Low Intensity moderate Intensity High Intensity
< 3 METs moderate Intensity 3 ~ 6 METs Rest 운동강도는 잘 아시는 것처럼 저-중-고강도로 분류할 수 있습니다. 대사당량으로 보면, 저강도가 3METs이하, 중강도가 3-6METs, 고강도가 6METs이상입니다. 그럼, 이 기준은 어떻게 나누어지게 될까를 에너지 대사에서 찾아볼 수 있습니다. High Intensity > 6 METs 1 MET = 3.5 ml O2/kg/min

13 What is the Anaerobic Threshold?
LT (Lactate threshold) VT (Ventilation Threshold) AT (Anaerobic threshold) Blood lactate Low muscle oxygen LT Ventilation Accelerated glycolysis Recruitment of fast-twitch fibers Breathing rate VT VO2 Reduced rate of lactate removal Heart rate LT is subjects 50–60% VO2 max in untrained 65–80% VO2 max in trained 운동을 저강도에서 고강도로 서서히 증가시키면, 심박수와 산소섭취량은 리니어하게 증가합니다. 하지만, 혈중젖산, 환기, 호흡율은 어느지점에서 갑작이 증가하게 됩니다. 이지점을 무산소 역치 또는 환기역치로 부르고 있습니다. 이때를 기준으로 무산소 대사과정으로 ATP를 생산하기 시작합니다. 지방이 주 연료인 유산소 대사과정에서 탄수화물이 주 연료인 무산소 대사과정으로 넘어갈 때 힘들어지기 시작하지요. 또한 근육의 저장된 산소량이 낮아지고, 해당과정이 빨라지고, 속근동원과 젖산제거가 잘 않되기 시작합니다. 그래서, 무산소 역치 부근을 중강도, 그 밑을 저, 그 위를 고강도로 나눌 수 있습니다. 대사 무산소 역치는 일반인의 경우 최대산소섭취량의 50-60% 지점에서 보입니다. hypoxia Exercise intensity Aerobic energy system Anaerobic energy system

14 Brooks et al. 이 그림은 강도를 서서히 올리는 자전거 운동을 예로 들은 그림입니다.
사소섭취량은 선형적으로 올라가지만, 젖산은 어느 운동강도가 되면 갑작이 증가하게됩니다. Brooks et al.

15 O2 Uptake vs Time and Power Output
산소섭취량량은 고정부하의 경우는 계속 오르기보다는 항정상태를 이루며, 강도 의존적으로 증가하는 것을 볼 수 있습니다. (Wilmore and Costill, Physiology of Sport and Exercise, Human Kinetics, 2004)

16 Application of AT? Exercise prescription of obese people
 to burn more fat (< AT) Exercise above AT  to improve endurance ability (>AT) Exercise prescription of type 1 Diabetic patients 운동에서 AT를 적용하는 것은 비만인에게는 지방을 주 에너지원으로 사용하는 AT 이하의 운동을, 지구력을 향상시키고자 하는 하는 사람들에게는 최대산소섭취량을 증가시켜야 하기 때문에 AT이상의 강도를 당대사에 문제가 있는 1형 당뇨 환자에게는 케톤체가 너무 많이 생성되지 못하도록 AT에 못치는 강도록 운동을 하는 것이 좋은 것으로 알려져 있습니다.  to prevent excessive production of ketone body (<AT)

17 Fat Burning Zone?

18 Exercise and Fat Metabolism
Is low-intensity exercise best for burning fat? 900 total kcals 600 total kcals 300 total kcals 40% fat 60% fat ~20% fat

19 A B C AVP rather than CRH is Predominant Regulator for
Running-induced ACTH release A Control Trained B 10 ** 50 100 150 ACTH (pg/ml) Time (min) 30 20 10 Speed (m/min) Pre 40 8 6 Lactate (mM) 4 LT LT 2 50 40 30 20 10 C Other stress CRH ACTH AVP Catecholamines Running stress CRH ACTH AVP Catecholamines

20 Appetite Regulation and Exercise

21 Age : 5 years old (girl) Height : 100 cm Weight : 75kg

22 Obesity is associated with a decrease in energy expenditure relative to energy intake. The decrease in physical activity associated with obesity in several species contributes to decreased energy expenditure. The eating behavior is concerned the behavior control column consists of the VMH and PVN. PVN and ARC are the sites where multiple hormones, released from the hut and adipose tissue, converge to regulated food intake and energy expenditure. The hypothalamic neurons produce mediators that have orexigenic or anorexigenic actions, which are released at the terminal fields within the hypothalamus, but also at projection areas in other regions of the brain, brain stem and spinal cord.

23 Exercise may affect the regulation of energy balance through the stimulation of CRH.
Exercise would also contribute to the stimulation of brain NPY neurons by reducing energy stores and plasma insulin levels. Ghrelin is the key appetite hormone of the stomach. Ghrelin activates the agouti-related protein and neuropeptide Y (NPY) neurons stimulating appetite. NPY is considered to be the most important appetite stimulant. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is believed to be an appetite inhibitor.

24 Regulatory center of appetite and body weight
Hypothalamus: Regulatory center of appetite and body weight

25 A Differential Activation Pattern of Brain to Exercise Intensity
between Hypothalamus and Brain stem (A1/A2) Hypothalamus c-fos mRNA expression =the extent of cellular activation Cell activation rate A somatic area primary sensory hippocampus con <LT >LT Thalamus Brain stem (A1/A2) Hypothalamus PVN Insular cortex amygdala Let me show the summary here. This is the insitu data for c-fos mRNA thirty min after the LT running.. As shown here, almost all the neurons in the hypothalamus were only responsive to running above the LT, like here. But. Brain stem, and hippocampus were not the same. Those neurons could activate even with mild running below the LT. Thus, we postulate that only hypothalamic neurons are specific. The exact reason is still unclear. It might be that hypothalamus would be inhibited by some factors during mild exercise? Indeed, PrRP that I wil show later should be a candidate, since PrRP would have inhibitory role for HPA axis during running. SON Rat frontal brain section Brain stem con <LT >LT

26 Model summarizing different levels of control over energy homeostasis
During meals, signals such as CCK, GLP-1, and distension of the stomach that arise from the gut (stomach and intestine) trigger nerve impulses in sensory nerves traveling to the hindbrain. These satiation signals synapse with neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) where they influence meal size. Ghrelin from the stomach both acts on the vagus nerve and stimulates neurons in the ARC directly. (by Stephen et al., 2008)

27 Effects of running wheel access on hypothalamic CRF and NPY mRNA expression. In response to 7 days of running wheel access, CRF mRNA levels were increased in the DMH, but not in the PVN. NPY mRNA levels were increased in both Arc and DMH. *P <0.05 compared with rats with locked running wheels.

28 Effects of central CRF antagonist injection on food intake and meal patterns.
*P <0.05 compared with vehicle treated sedentary rats; #P < 0.05 compared with vehicle-treated exercised rats.

29 Effects of central CRF antagonist injection on body weight and running activity.

30

31 Daily energy expenditure
SPA, spontaneous physical activity TEF, thermic effect of food BMR, basal metabolic rate

32 Leptin and Appetite Regulation
Pathogenesis of Obesity Absence of Leptin Inappropriately low levels of Leptin secreted and fat mass expands until “normal” levels are achieved Reduced Leptin sensitivity perhaps consequent upon genetic, environmental and psychological factors 17/01/2019

33 Exercise improves leptin and insulin sensitivity.
Changes in body weight, body mass index and various lipid and hormone levels in obese boys undergoing a 12-week exercise program compared with controls Exercise  Insulin & Leptin ↓  Food Intake↑? Exercise improves leptin and insulin sensitivity.

34 Exercise metabolism in children

35 Peak height and weight velocity occurs at approximately years of age for females and 14 years of age for males

36 Maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max) in males and females
Increases in males but plateaus at approximately 14 years of age in females Decreases across age in females

37

38

39 Evolution of fat oxidation during exercise in obese pubertal boys
(Zunquin et al., 2009)

40 PA as a drug : its use, effects and limits
PA, physical activity; SIBU, sibutramine; ORL, orlistat; METF, metformine X, when established effect; x, when minimal effect; ?, when questionable effect; -, no effect

41 Similar health benefits of endurance and high intensity interval training in obese children
Effects of ET and HIT on cardiorespiratory and exercise parameters in response to a maximal graded exercise test. Panel A: VO2 peak (L/min); Panel B: VO2 (ml/kg/min); Panel C: Total time of exercise (min); Panel D: Peak velocity (mph); ET = endurance training group; HIT = high-intensity interval training; PRE = baseline; POST = after twelve weeks of training. * indicates p,0.05 (within-group comparison). (Carolina et al., 2012)

42 Data are expressed as mean (sd).
Abbreviations: ET = endurance training; HIT = high-intensity interval training.

43 Aerobic exercise training improves insulin sensitivity without changes in body weight, body fat, adiponectin, and inflammatory markers in overweight and obese girls (Nassis G. et al., 2005)

44

45

46 Exercise timing and fat oxidation (pre or post breakfast)

47 Shimada et al., 2013

48 Shimada et al., 2013

49 Shimada et al., 2013

50 Conclusion

51 Exercise effects depends on it’s intensity and related to fat metabolism.
Exercise regulate appetite proteins in brain. Combining exercise and diet offers more flexibility for weight loss. Moderate exercise enhances fat mobilization from body’s adipose depots and fat catabolism by active muscles, and insulin sensitivity. Similar health benefits of endurance and high intensity interval training in obese children.

52 Thank You for your Attention !


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