Scientific Revolution Philosophy of Nursing Science

INDEX Introduction Views of Science 3. Modern Science A. Continuist view Ancient Science Ancient philosophers B. Dis continuity View Middle Ages, and the Renaissance. 3. Modern Science 4. Elements of Scientific revolution i. Mathematization ii. Experimentation 5. Religion, Culture, and Paws INDEX

Philosophy of Nursing Science 1. Introduction There were profound changes in the world-view of Europeans in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. The primary cause was the Scientific Revolution. (1543-present) 과학혁명 “옛 패러다임이 그와 양립불가능한 새 패러다임에 의해서 전면적으로 혹은 부분적으로 대치되는 비축적적인 발전의 에피소드들”

1. Introduction Philosophy of Nursing Science The most profound change in human history? The new intellectual climate differed from the medieval world-view: Rejection of authority. Best knowledge was practical. Demystification of the universe. Intellectuals in this era differed from their predecessors by combining mathematics and experiment.

1. Introduction 1. Ancient Egypt Philosophy of Nursing Science Roots of the Scientific Revolution 1. Ancient Egypt 2. China movable type, paper, astronomy 3. Islamic Empire: – medicine, preservation of Greek texts, astronomy, mathematics

2. Views of Science Continuist view Discontinuist view (opposing view) Philosophy of Nursing Science 2. Views of Science science has developed over millennia stretching back to ancient Greece Continuist view science as a modern development part of a larger cultural movement called the Enlightenment (Lindberg, 2007). Discontinuist view (opposing view)

2. Views of Science A. Continuist view Philosophy of Nursing Science Thales (ca. 624-546 BCE) First Western philosopher, basic structure of the universe. Anaximenes (ca. 585-525 BCE) Air- that took different shapes and forms due to the relative contraction and expansion of the particles of air. Heraclitus (535-475 BCE) Fire - metaphoric, expressing the view that the universe was at one and the same time stable and constantly changing as fire itself. Leucippus (500-450 BCE) and Democritus (460-370 BCE) Atomism (ancient school of philosophy ) uses till as atom today.

Ancient Scientific Philosophers Philosophy of Nursing Science Ancient Scientific Philosophers Socrates(469 b.c.e.-399 b.c.e.) Credited with Socratic method using dialogue to arrive at truth Morality and the human soul. Plato (424 b.c.e.- 327 b.c.e.) Student of Socrates and recorder of his teachings - interested in ideal metaphysical world Aristotle (384 b.c.e.- 322 b.c.e.) Student of Plato; teacher of Alexander the Great; systemized of knowledge in all fields. the study of the natural world .

2. Views of Science Discontinuist view - (opposing view) Philosophy of Nursing Science 2. Views of Science Discontinuist view - (opposing view) Middle Ages - 400 c.e.-1400 c.e. Renaissance 1300 c.e.-1600 c.e. Scientific Revolution 1500 c.e.-1700 c.e. Protestant Reformation 1517 c.e.-1648 c.e. Enlightenment 1680 c.e.-1800 c.e. In this view, "science" marks a change from the past, from ways of thinking identified with the ancient world, the Middle Ages, and the Renaissance Enlightenment Continu…

2. Views of Science Enlightenment Philosophy of Nursing Science A conceptual and cultural change. Enlightenment Rare in that it is a historical era and past were merely darkness and ignorance advocates rationality, empiri­cal observation, and personal autonomy and judgment in asserting and certifying knowledge claims Tradition, ritual, superstition, and even religion to an extent are rejected standards or guar­antors of knowledge

3. Modern Science Philosophy of Nursing Science A. Middle ages: 16, 17세기의 '과학혁명'이 진행되는 동안에 천문학, 역학, 생리학 등의 과학 분야에는 내용상의 획기적인 변환이 있었고, 다른 여러 분야들에도 새로운 조류들이 나타났다. 또 과학혁명은 비단 과학의 내용에만 국한되지 않고, 과학의 방법, 목적 및 그 사회적 위치에도 큰 변화가 있었으며, 이 밖에도 많은 사상적, 사회적인 변화를 수반했다. B. Renaissance (roughly 14th-16th century) 한편 르네상스 인문주의자들은 르네상스의 장인-예술가들과 긴밀하게 연결되어 있었다. 지식 계층과 사회적으로 하층인 장인들과의 결합에 의해서 장인들의 사회적 지위가 상승되었을 뿐만이 아니라, 수작업, 실험, 실제적 행위 등은 사회적인 특혜를 얻게 되었다 이런 공동체의 형성으로 기술자들의 투시법, 지도제작법, 항해술, 광학, 자기학 등이 지식세계에서 논의될 수 있게 되었다

3. Modern Science Brought changes in math, astronomy, medicine, Philosophy of Nursing Science 3. Modern Science Brought changes in math, astronomy, medicine, chemistry, engineering, physics, botany, biology, optics, shipbuilding, navigation, etc.

3. Modern Science Philosophy of Nursing Science 코페르니쿠스, 갈릴레오, 케플러 데카르트, 뉴턴

4. Elements of Scientific method Philosophy of Nursing Science 4. Elements of Scientific method Mathematization Measurement to give precise determinations of world and its parts work. 수학의 중요성에 대해 강조. ii. Experimentation Observation, experience, and, where necessary, to understanding of nature .

4. Elements of Scientific method Philosophy of Nursing Science 4. Elements of Scientific method i. Mathematization It indicates a fundamental change in all concepts of the physical world Ancient- Aristotelian metaphysics Middle age - conception of mathematics Renaissance - mathematics as an isolated mathematical view is now known as instrumentalism interesting study of its own, but it has no connection or relation to the real world or anything deeper and more significant Scientific Revolution - "realist" view of mathematics Deeper truths about the world Realist view is work of Copernicus - natural philosophy the motion of the earth around the sun Continu…

Nicolaus Copernicus Heliocentrism He was a catholic priest. Philosophy of Nursing Science Nicolaus Copernicus 1473 - 1543. Poland. Priest, mathematician & astronomer. Heliocentric model. On The Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres (1543) He was a catholic priest. Called into question the literal truth of the Scriptures. Copernicus waited to publish his findings. Heliocentrism Continu…

Philosophy of Nursing Science Johannes Kepler 1571-1630. German (But spent much time in Prague, Austria & Uraniborg as Brahe’s understudy). Developed laws of planetary motion. Astronomia Nova, 1609 Kepler abandoned his perfect circle model and discovered that an ellipse (an oval shape with two foci) could precisely predict planetary movement Continu…

Isaac Newton (1643-1727. English. ) Philosophy of Nursing Science Isaac Newton (1643-1727. English. ) Reflecting Telescope Theory of Light & Color Calculus (Disputed with Leibnitz) Three Laws of Motion Gravity The Principia (1687) Newton's Philosophiae Natuntlis Principia Mathemat­ka (1687) can be seen as the culminating point in the mathematization of the world picture. Provides the formulas for the mechanics of the universe Continu…

Philosophy of Nursing Science ii. Experimentation self-evident "experience," -natural philosophy, -knowledge demonstrated by experiments specifically designed for the purpose. Ancient: Aristotelian worldview E.g: Space (planets, stars, etc.) , the sky (clouds, atmosphere, etc.). Medieval and Renaissance : ‘occult’ is a term that in modern usage has taken on merely supernatural meanings (magnetism, light, and gravity) ‘Events’ (the actions and movements of physical objects) Scientific Revolution subjective and unreliable from an epistemological and scientific point of view E.g: 16th and 17th centuries: the telescope, the microscope, the barometer, the air pump, and the thermometer Others: (a) space is differentiated; (b) all natural objects have animate qualities; and (c) phenomena are explained in relation to purposes, ends, or goals (relic)

4. Elements of Scientific method Modern world view: the motion and interaction of particles too small to be seen. Mechanical principles mathematical discipline of mechanics: shape, size, quantity, and motion Mechanical philosophy: Material bodies are composed of invisibly small atoms or corpuscles.

5. Religion, Culture, and Paws Philosophy of Nursing Science 5. Religion, Culture, and Paws It is common today to see religion and science as in conflict most well-known conflict between religion and science Catholic Church's condemnation of Copernicans and Galileo. Complex Church's Attitude toward Copernicans Dealings with and relationship with Galileo Major Goals And Motivations Of Early Modern Scientists (including Keller, Gassed, Newton, Boyle, and Descartes) was to show how God interacted with the mechanical world (Osier, 2002)

Structure of Scientific Revolutions

Thomas Kuhn (1922 – 1996): Scientific revolutions Structure of Scientific Revolutions Thomas Kuhn (1922 – 1996): Scientific revolutions The progress in science happens through revolutions.

The structure of scientific revolutions Thomas Kuhn is most famous for his book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962) in which he presented the idea that science does not evolve gradually toward truth, but instead undergoes periodic revolutions which he calls "paradigm shifts."

Structure of Scientific Revolutions Philosophy of Nursing Science Structure of Scientific Revolutions Kuhn’s Terminology Normal science Scientific crisis Scientific revolution Paradigm Anomaly Auxiliary hypothesis

Structure of Scientific Revolutions Philosophy of Nursing Science Structure of Scientific Revolutions Normal science “‘정상과학(normal science)’은 과거의 하나 이상의 과학적 성취 ─ 어떤 한 과학자 사회가 일정 기간 자신의 진전된 활동(further practice)에 기초를 제공한 것으로 인정한 과학적 성취 ─ 에 단단하게 기반을 둔 연구 활동을 뜻한다.” (쿤, 《과학혁명의 구조》, 10쪽.) Scientific crisis During periods of scientific crisis there are likely to be violent arguments between those who adhere to the old paradigm and those who advocate the new one.

Structure of Scientific Revolutions Philosophy of Nursing Science Structure of Scientific Revolutions Scientific revolution A scientific revolution takes place when scientists become dissatisfied with the prevailing paradigm, and put forward a completely new way of looking at things revolution progress normal science revolution normal science time

Philosophy of Nursing Science “A new scientific truth does not win by convincing its opponents and making them see the light, but rather because its opponents eventually die and a new generation grows up that is familiar with it.” Max Planck “In questions of science the authority of a thousand is not worth the humble reasoning of a single individual” Galileo Galilei.

References Michael D. Dahnke (2013) Philosophy of Science Philosophy of Nursing Science References  Michael D. Dahnke (2013) Philosophy of Science for Nursing Practice: Concepts and Application, 2nd Edition. Pg: 114-120. E. Carol Polifroni (1999) Perspectives on Philosophy of Science in Nursing: An Historical and Contemporary Anthology: 1st (first) Edition.