1 Ch 10. Modals 2 정샘 영어 Academy Understanding and Using English Grammar.

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1 1 Ch 10. Modals 2 정샘 영어 Academy Understanding and Using English Grammar

2 정샘 영어 Academy 2 Context Modal Auxiliaries: Meaning What is Mood? Verbs forms in Mood Modal Auxiliaries: Introduction Making Requests with I as the subject with You as the subject Imperative request Expressing Necessity ( 당위성의 표현 ) Necessity: Must, have to Lacking of Necessity: don’t have to, don’t need to Prohibition: must not Expressing Advisability: Should, ought to, had better Expressing Suggestion Let’s, Why don’t we, shall I/we Could vs. Should Hindsight Advisability &Suggestion - should have + PP - could have + PP Expressing Expectation Be supposed to Expressing Degree of Certainty Present time Present time negative Past time Past time negative Future time Future time negative Expressing Possibility and Ability: Can, Could Expressing Habitual Expressing Preference Appendix Summary of Will Summary of Would Summary of Could Summary of Can Summary of Must Summary of Should Part IPart II

3 정샘 영어 Academy 3 1. Expressing Degree of Certainty( 확실성 ) Present100% sure He is sick. be 동사는 현재의 상 황 (fact ) 에 대해 있는 그 대로 묘사. must be sick 은 logical conclusion Could be sick = I don’t really know. He may be sick and stay home. He might be at store. He could be somewhere else. 95% sure: He must be sick. -- Why isn’t Anna in class? She must be sick. She attends the class every day. When I saw her yesterday, she got cold. So my best guess is that she is sick today. I cannot think of any other possibility. Less than 50% He may be sick. He might be sick. He could be sick. Maybe he is sick. //maybe 는 부사 Present Negative 100% sure He is not hungry. 99% sure: He couldn’t be hungry. He cannot be hungry. -- He could not be hungry. I saw him eating 2 Big Macs and 3 piece of KFC chickens in the morning. How can he be hungry just after the 2 hours later? I don’t believe it. He cannot be hungry. 95% sure He must not be hungry. -- Sam is not eating his lunch. He must not be hungry. That’s my logical conclusion I can think of Less than 50% He may not be sick. He might not be sick.

4 정샘 영어 Academy 4 1. Expressing Degree of Certainty( 확실성 ) (Cont.) PastQ: Why wasn’t Anna in the class? A: 100% sure: She was sick. 95% sure: She must have been sick. I saw Anna yesterday and found out that she was sick. I assume that is the reason why she was absent. I cannot think of any other reason. Less than 50%:He may have been sick. He might have been sick. He could have been sick. must have been sick 은 logical conclusion. may have been, might have been, could have been sick 은 한가지 possibility 에 대한 표현 Past Negative 100% sure: He was not hungry. 99% sure: He couldn’t have been hungry. He can’t have been hungry. 95% sure: He must not have been hungry. Less than 50%:He may not have been sick. He might not have been sick. was not hungry: was 100% true couldn’t have been hungry : The speaker believes that It is impossible for Sam to have been hungry. must not have been hungry : It is my logical conclusion

5 정샘 영어 Academy 5 1. Expressing Degree of Certainty( 확실성 ) (Cont..) Future100% sure: He will be here soon. // the speaker feels sure 90% sure: He should be here soon.// the speak is almost sure He ought to be here soon. Less than 50%:He may be here soon. // the speaker is guessing He might be here soon. He could be here soon. should be here soon: The road has no traffic and he left home early so I expect him to be here soon. That is what I think will happen. Should 는 speaker 가 어떤일 이 이루아지기를 기대 (expect) 하는 의미. Future Negative 100% sure: He will not be here soon. 90% sure: He should not be here soon. He ought not to be here soon. Less than 50%:He may not be here soon. He might not be here soon. He could not be here soon will not be soon = I know that she will not be here soon

6 정샘 영어 Academy 6 1. Expressing Degree of Possibility & Sureness (Summary) Will Jim be here soon? - He will be here soon. //100% sure - He will probably be here soon. // 90% - He is probably going to be here soon. //90% - He should be here soon. //90% - He ought to be here soon. //90% - Maybe he will be here soon. //50% - He might be here soon. //50% - He may be here soon. //50% - He could be here soon. //50% You could ask Jim. // 현재 / 미래 제안 I could run fast. // 과거 ability Will Jim be here soon? - He will not be here soon. //100% sure - He probably won’t be here soon. // 90% - He probably isn’t going to be here soon. //90% - He should not be here soon. //90%. 미래만 가능 - He ought not to be here soon. //90%. 미래만 가능 - Maybe he won’t be here soon. //50% - He might not be here soon. //50% - He may not be here soon. //50% - He could not be here soon. //50% Why is Jim in hospital? - He is sick. //100% sure - He must be sick. // 95% - He is probably sick. // 90% - He may be sick. // 50% - He might be sick. // 50% - He could be sick. // 50% - Maybe he is sick. // 50% Why isn’t Jim in hospital? - He is not sick. //100% - He cannot be sick. // 99%, impossibility, 부정만 가능 - He could not be sick. // 99%, impossibility - He must not be sick. // 95%, 현재 / 과거만 가능 - He probably isn’t sick.// 90% - He may not be sick. // 50% - He might not be sick. // 50% Why was Jim in hospital yesterday? - He was sick.//100% sure - He must have been sick. // 95% - He should have been sick. // 90% He should have studied last night, but he didn’t. // 과거의 때늦은 충고 - He may have been sick. // 50% - He might have been sick. // 50% - He could have been sick. // 50% You could have asked to your teacher. // 과거의 때늦은 충고, 긍정만가능 Why wasn’t Jim in hospital yesterday? - He was not sick.//100% sure - He couldn’t have been sick. // 99% sure, - He cannot have been sick. // 99% sure, 부정만 가능 - He must not have been sick.// 95% sure - He may not have been sick.// 50% sure - He might not have been sick. // 50% sure

7 정샘 영어 Academy 7 2. Expressing Possibility and Ability( 가능성과 역량 ): Can & Could 1. ability to do Present He is strong. He can lift that heavy box. = He is strong and he has enough power. It is very possible for him to lift up the heavy box. Anna has learned piano for 10 years. She can play piano. = She is able to play piano. = She has ability to play piano. Ability 의 개념에는 possibility 의 개념이 포함 되 있음 Dogs can bark, but they cannot talk. // 일반적인 능력 =Dogs are able to bark, but they are not able to talk. be able to 는 특정한 능 력의 경우에, can 은 일반 적인 능력의 경우에 주로 사용. Past When I was young, I could run fast. = I used to be able to run fast, but now I cannot run fast. 과거시제에서 could 는 과거의 능력을 의미. = used to be able to They could reach the top of Mt. Everest yesterday. (X) // 특정시점 = They were able to reach the mountain Mt. Everest yesterday. (O) = They managed to reach the mountain Mt. Everest yesterday. (O) = They reached the mountain Mt. Everest yesterday. (O) 과거 특정 시점 (yesterday) 에서의 ability 는 was bale to 로 표현. Could 사용 안함. They could not reach the top of Mt. Everest yesterday. (O) = They weren’t able to reach the mountain Mt. Everest yesterday. (O) 그러나 부정형에서는 could not 도 사용가능

8 정샘 영어 Academy 8 2. Expressing Possibility and Ability( 가능성과 역량 ): Can & Could (Cont.) 2. possibility (certainty 또는 sureness) 현재 I can see the Han river from my apartment. You can see fish at the aquarium. // possible = It is possible for you to see the fish at the aquarium. can 은 특별한 특징이나 조건하에 어떤일이 매우 가능하다 (possibility) 라 는 의미 The story could be true but I don’t think it is. // = may be true The story can be true but I don’t think it is. (X) // 특정한 조건 아님 The situation is bad, but it could go worse. // 현재 (sureness) The situation was bad, but it could have went worse. // 과거 (sureness)( 그러나 실제로는 더 나빠지지는 않았다 ) can 은 realistic 한 possible 의미 이며, could 는 unrealistic 또는 less possible (less than 50% sure) 한 의미 미래 He said he just left but I don’t know when he is coming here. He could get here at any time. It’s up to the road condition. He will be able to play drum next month. future possible 일 경 우 could, be able to 만 가능 과거 When I lived in Mapo, I could see the Han river from my apartment. = It was possible for me to see the Han river from my apt. past possible 일 경우 could, be able to 만 가 능 unfulfilled possibility: ( 현재 / 과거 ) Why did you stay at a hotel when he were in Seoul. You could have stayed at my friends’ house. = you didn’t stay. He was lucky. He could have been killed by the car accident yesterday. He is OK now. Could have PP 는 이루 어질 수 도 있었던, 그러 나 결국에는 이루어지지 않았던 것에 대해 묘사 unrealistic possible I am so tired. I could sleep for a week. // 현재 unrealistic possible I am so tired. I can sleep for a week. (X) I was so tired. I could have slept for a week. // 과거 : could have PP unrealistic 한 경우 could 만 가능 무엇인가 not possible 한 경우, - cannot - can’t have PP - could not - couldn’t have PP 부정형 : would not be possible to He cannot be hungry now. // 현재시제에서 부정만 가능, 99% 확실성 He can’t have been hungry. // 과거시제에서 부정문, 99% 확실성 Everything is fine now. It couldn’t be better. // 현재 The trip was cancelled. He couldn’t have gone anyway because he was sick. ( = It would not have been possible for him to go…)// 과거 부정문, 99% 확실성

9 정샘 영어 Academy 9 2. Expressing Possibility and Ability( 가능성과 역량 ): Can & Could (Cont..) 3. allow someone to do My car is broken. Can I use your car? // 상대에게 허락을 구할때 Yes, you can use my car. // permission = I allow you to use my car. can 은 permission 의 의 미 이고 could 는 future possible 한 Suggestion 의 의미 We were totally free. We could do what we wanted. = We were allowed to do what we wanted. When you go to America next month, you could ( 또는 can) stay at my cousin’s home. // Suggestion -- Yes, I suppose I could. 비교 1 I can stay with my friend’s house when I go to Seoul. // possible (realistic) I could stay with my friend’s house when I go to Seoul. // possible, but less sure( 50% 미만 ) This is wonderful place. I could stay here forever. // Unrealistic 비교 2 I can walk to school. // 학교에 걸어 갈 수 있다 ( 능력이 있다.) I may walk to school. Or I may take a bus. // 학교에 걸어갈 수 도 있다 (sureness) Can you speak English? // 영어를 말할 능력이 있냐 ? Do you speak English? // 영어로 말하냐 ? ( 일반적 의미 ) can walk: It is possible for me to walk to school because certain condition exist. may walk: I am less than 50% certain that I will walk to school. 비교 3 He is sick. // (100%) 아프다 He must be sick. // (95%) 아픈게 틀림없다. He could be sick. // (50% 미만 ) 아픈 것 같다 ( 아플 수도 있다 ) He can be sick. (X) // sick 할 능력이 있다 ( 이런 표현 불가 ) He cannot be sick. // (99%) 아플리가 없다

10 정샘 영어 Academy 10 3. Expressing Habitual in the Past Habitual past He used to live in New York. // 과거에 한때 NY 에 살았던 적이 있다. Sam used to live in LA. // LA 에 살았던 적이 있다 I used to smoke, but now I don’t. used to : 과거의 습관, 활 동, 상황을 서술. 현재는 더 이상 없거나 하지 않음. used to 의 부정 : - didn’t used to - didn’t use to - never used to - used not to - used to not I used not to smoke, but now I do. (∆) // 이 표현은 매우 formal 한 표현 = I didn’t used to smoke, but I do. (O) I never used to smoke. (O) Mary is used to cold weather. // 익숙해 지다. 적응하다 = Mary is accustomed to cold weather. Mary is used to living in a cold climate. // 찬 기후에 사는것에 적응했다. = Mary is accustomed to living in cold weather. be used to + N: 적응하다 / 익숙하다 라는 의미 = be accustomed to Mary moved to Alaska. She got used to living in a cold climate. Mary got accustomed to living in cold weather. Get/got 은 become 의 의 미 과거시제와 의 비교 : I worked hard last month. (O) I used to work hard last month. (X) I lived in Chicago for 3 years. (O) I used to live in Chicago for 3 years. (X) 과거시제와의 비교 : 과거 에 단순히 발생한 사건 이 나 기간의 의미일 경우 과 거시제만 가능 Would Vs. used to: Repeated Actions in the past When I was a child, my father would read me a story book at night. (O) When I was a child, my father used to read me a story book at night. (O) I used to live in NY. (O) I would live in NY. (X) // ( 과거에 ) 뉴욕에 살 것이다 She used to be a Girl Scout. (O) // 상태 - 과거 한때 Girl Scout 였다. She would be a Girl Scout. (X) They used to have a Hyundai car. (O) // 과거 한때 현대차를 가지고 있었다. 과거의 규칙적 행위 일 경우 : would 또는 used to 과거의 규칙적 상태 / 상황 일 경우 : used to 만 가능 Used to 는 과거의 습관적 인 또는 한때의 action 이나, habit, situation 에 다 사용 : 행위 + 상태, 한때 + 반복

11 정샘 영어 Academy 11 4. Expressing Preference Present He would rather go to class tomorrow. = He prefer going to class tomorrow. I would rather go to a movie tonight than study grammar. = I prefer going to movie to studying English grammar tonight. I’d rather study math than (study) biology. = I prefer studying math to biology. // ~Y 보다 ~X 을 더 하고 싶다 would rather + 동사원형 would rather X than Y = prefer X-ing to Y-ing X,Y 는 동사 would rather 동사원형 + X than Y (X,Y 는 명사 ) = prefer V-ing X to Y I would rather that you call me tomorrow. // 동사원형 -Subjunctive We would rather that he take this train. // 동사원형 -Subjunctive He would rather that his girl friend worked in the same department. = He’s girl friend doesn’t work in the same department) Jane would rather that it were winter now. // 가정법 문장 = It is not a winter now = Jane wishes it were winter now. S1+ would rather that + S2 + 동원 : S1 은 S2 가 ~ 하기를 원한다. S1+ would rather that + S2 + 과거 : S1 은 S2 가 ~ 이기를 ( 하기를 ) 이기를 ( 하기를 ) 원하 지만 현실은 그 반대 would rather that 에서 that 다음에 반드시 주어가 존재 Negative I would rather not to tell you my weight. // ~ 하지 않는게 낫다. He would rather not go to class tomorrow. (= He wants not to go class tomorrow) He would rather not have gone to class yesterday. (=He wanted not to go to class yesterday) He would rather that you not call me tomorrow. // would rather 의 부정형 Would rather not: 부정 past The concert was good, But I would rather have gone to the movie last night.Would rather have + PP progressi ve I’d rather be watching TV than studying grammar.Would rather be + ing

12 정샘 영어 Academy 12 Appendix1. Will : summary 1. 미래시제 단순미래 : 예측, 추측 의 의미 (Future certainty/prediction) : ~ 할거야, 될거야 (100% sureness) ~ 이 안 될거야 ( 부정 ) I will be happy when the final test is finished. Tomorrow will be rainy day. // Prediction = Tomorrow is going to be rainy day. This time tomorrow I will be sitting on the beach. Sorry the road is jammed. I will be 30 minutes late. 단순 미래 : 미래에 일 어날 사건 / 상황에 대 해 단순히 언급할때 또는 Prediction 할떄 Tomorrow is Friday so the shop will be open tomorrow. // Certainty Don’t call her now. She will be sleeping now. // 100% sure We cannot call her now. She will have gone to bed. // 과거 This car won't start. // 이 차는 아무리해도 시동걸리지 않을 것이다. 미래에 일어날 사건 이나 상황에 대해 100% 확신 2. 즉각적 결정 / 미래 (Immediate/future) willingness / intension / decision Will not 은 그 반대인 refusal, unwillingness 을 표현 -- The phone is ringing. I will get it. (O) I am going to get it. (X) -- Can somebody help me? I will. I really will stop smoking. // strong intention --- Give me a kiss. No, I won’t. speaker 의 의지를 표현 할 때는 will 을 써 야 함. be going to 는 계획된 또는 certainty 를 표현할때만 사용 I am going to get my car fixed on the weekend. (O) 3. Polite requestWill you please pass me the salt? Will you have some more coffee? // 상대방의 wish 에 대한 질의 4. Typical behavior in present or future If something breaks down and you kick it, it will often start working again. When you review the grammar exercise, it will remind you of your weak points. If you will keep telling people the secret, then we will not talk to you anymore. 특정행위 (behavior) 에 대해 언급할때 과거의 경우는 would 사용 5. Soften orders, instruction. I will have to ask you to wait more. I’m afraid you will need to fill in this form. will 은 명령이나 지 시등을 가볍게 만드는 표현

13 정샘 영어 Academy 13 Appendix 2. Would : summary 1. 과거시제에서의 will 대신 단 순 미래표현 (prediction) 의미 : 과거시점 당시에는 일어 나지 않았고 나중에 일어나게 될 일에 대해 언급할떄 will 대 신 사용 ~ 일 것이다 ( 라고 ) ~ 될 것이다 ( 라고 ) Anna is 26 years old. She will be 27 next year. // 현재에서의 단순미래 Anna was 26 years old last year. She would be 27 next year. // 과거에서의 단순미래 I never though that my sun would be my boss some day later. I never realized that someday I would be living in California. 직접 : He will call you on Sunday. 간접 : He said he would call me on Sunday. 직접 : Tomorrow will rain. 간접 : The forecaster said the next day would rain. 간접화법에서 will 대신 사용 2. 과거시제에서의 의지미래 (Willingness), 추측 & Refusal ( 부정의 경우 ) 1) 긍정 ~ 하려고 했었을 것이다 ( 추축 ) ~ 하려고 했었다 ( 의지 ) 2) 부정 ~ 하려고 하지 않았다 ~ 하기를 거절했다 ~ 하려고 하지 않았다 ( 의지 ) // Would 는 과거시점에서 구체적이지 않은 일반적인 것에 대한 의지를 표현. I would have nothing to do with it. // 관여하지 않겠다.( 안을 것이다 ) If you would understand a nation, you must know its language. // 알고자 한다면 He was very ill at that time, but he would go to the party. // 기어코 갈려고 했다. // would not 은 과거의 특정한 ( 구체적 ) 행위 / 사건 / 경우에 대해 refuse 할때 Damn, the car wouldn’t start. // = the car refused to start I tried to persuade him but he wouldn’t listen to me. // = he refused to listen I asked him very politely, but he wouldn't tell me the truth. //=he refused to tell I asked her to open the door, but she wouldn’t let me in. //=she refused to let me He was so obstinate that he would not listen to my advice 3. 과거의 습관 (Habitual/typical Activity in the pas) ~ 하곤 했다 When I was a child, my father would read me a story book at night. (O) =When I was a child, my father used to read me a story book at night. (O) I would live in NY. (X) // 과거의 상태인 경우 would 사용불가 I used to live in NY. (O) 과거의 규칙적 행위 일 경우 Would 는 과거의 상황 (situation) 을 서술하는데 사용 하지 못함

14 정샘 영어 Academy 14 Appendix 2. Would : summary (cont.) 4. 현재에서의 단 순추측 ( 가능성 ), 의지, 소망 아마 ~ 일것이다. 할 수 있을것이 다. The hall would seat 500 people. // 추측 - 그홀은 500 석 정도 일것이다 None of his attempts would succeed. // 추측 - 그의 어떤 시도도 성공하지 않을 것이다. No one would break the security system. // 추측 ( 가능성 )- 누구도 그 보안시스템을 부수지 못할 것이다. ( 부술 가능성이 없을 것이다 ) That would be OK. // 추측 - 아마 괜찮을 것 같다. Most men would act that way. // 추측 – 그렇게 행동할 것이다 I don’t know what it would be. // 추측 - 무엇인지 I would imagine the journey will take about an hour. // 추측 I would like come here. // 의지, 소망 (~ 하고 싶다 ) What would you do if she doesn’t like you? // 의지 - 너는 머 할건데 ? 5. Polite request Would you (please) pass me the salt? // 상대에게 요청할때 Would you like tea? // 상대의 wish 를 물어볼때 Would you mind if I closed the window? // 나의 행동에 대한 허락을 요청 = Would you mind my closing the window? // 나의 행동에 대한 허락을 요청 Would you mind closing the window? // 상대에게 행위를 요청할때

15 정샘 영어 Academy 15 Appendix 2. Would : summary (cont..) 6. Unreal Situation: 현재사실의 반대 또는 과거 에 이루어지지 않았던 사건, 상황에 대한 반대의 소망 1) if 절 없이 (If 가정법으로 변경 가능 ) ~ 하고 싶다 ~( 이, 하, 라 ) 면 ~ 일 / 할 것이다 ~( 이, 하, 라 ) 면 ~ 이지 / 하지 않 을것이다 ~( 이, 하, 라 ) 면 ~ 하려고 했는 데 못했다 ~( 이, 하, 라 ) 면 ~ 하지 않을려 고 햇는데 했다 Would not: ~( 이, 하, 라 ) 면 ~ 이지 / 하지 않 을것이다 // 현재사실의 반대 : Would + 동원 I would love to live by sea. // 살기를 원한다 ( 현재는 해변가에 살고있지 않음 ) I would call Anna but I don’t have her phone number. (So I cannot call her) The city has terrible smog. Otherwise, the sky would be very beautiful now. ( = if the city didn’t have terrible smog, the sky will be ~) Shall I tell Anna what happened? -- No, I wouldn’t say anything. (= I wouldn’t say anything in your position) (= I wouldn’t say anything If I were you) I am not going to invite them. They would not come anyway. // 과거사실의 반대 : Would have + PP I never would have succeed without your help. (without = if you hadn’t helped me. ) // 성공하지 못할뻔 했다, 성공하지 못 했을 것이다. I would have liked to see [or have seen] him. // 그를 만나고 싶었었다 ( 만나지 못했음 ). I would have called Anna but I didn’t have her phone number. (So I could not call her) I didn’t invite them. They wouldn’t have come anyway. 2) if 절과 함께 If I had the time now, I would go. // 갈려고 했다. ( 실제로는 못갔음 ) (= I don’t have time to go to the movie, so I cannot go) If I had had the time yesterday, I would have gone. // 갈려고 했었었다 (=I didn’t have time to go to the movie yesterday, so I didn’t go.) If I knew the truth, I would tell you. // 말 할려고 했다 ( 실제로는 못햇음 ) ( = I don’t know the truth so I cannot tell. ) // 비교 I will call Anna if I have her phone number. ( =possible 한 조건 ) I would call Anna if I had her phone number. ( = I don’t call her) I would have called Anna if I had had her phone number. ( = I didn’t call her)

16 정샘 영어 Academy 16 Appendix 2. Would : summary (cont...) 7. Preference X 를 Y 보다 선호한다. He would rather go to class tomorrow. = He prefer going to class tomorrow. I would rather go to a movie than study English grammar tonight. = I prefer going to movie to studying English grammar tonight. I’d rather study math than (study) biology. = I prefer studying math to (studying) biology. would rather + 동사원형 would rather X than Y = prefer X-ing to Y-ing X,Y 는 동사 would rather 동사원형 + X than Y = prefer V-ing X to Y X,Y 는 명사 I would rather that you call me tomorrow. // 동사원형 -Subjunctive We would rather that he take this train. // 동사원형 -Subjunctive S1+ would rather that + S2 + simple form: S1 은 S2 가 ~ 하기 를 ( 이기를 ) 원한다. (a) He would rather that his girl friend worked in the same department. // untrue 가정법 현재 = He’s girl friend doesn’t work in the same department. (b) Jane would rather that it were winter now. = It is not a winter now. = He wishes it were winter now. (c) He would rather that Anna had gone to class yesterday. // untrue 가정법 과거 = Anna didn’t go to class yesterday. S1+ would rather that + S2 + past form: S1 은 S2 가 ~ 이기를 ( 하기를 ) 원하지만 현실은 그 반 대 would rather that 에서 that 다 음에 반드시 주어가 존재해야 함. He would rather not go to class tomorrow. (= He wants not to go class tomorrow) He would rather not have gone to class yesterday. (=He wanted not to go to class yesterday) He would rather that you not call me tomorrow. // would rather 의 부정형

17 정샘 영어 Academy 17 Appendix 3. Can : summary 긍정부정 1. Ability 미래 / 현재 I will be able to speak Chinese. I can come to the game on Saturday. I can speak Chinese. I will not be able to speak Chinese. I cannot come to the game on Saturday. I cannot speak Chinese. 과거 ØØ 2.(realistic) possibility (or Sureness) 미래 ØWe cannot lost the game on Sunday. //99%sure (= I am 99% sure we won’t) 현재 I can see the Han river from my apartment. You can see fish at the aquarium. = It is possible for you to see the fish at the aquarium. The story cannot be true. // 99% sure, (= I am 99% sure it isn’t true) = couldn’t be true 과거 ØI cannot have lost my keys! (I'm 99% sure I didn't) //cannot 은 부정문만 가능 (99% sure) = could not have lost 3. request (informal) 미래 / 현재 Can you switch on the light for me? 4. offer 미래 / 현재 Can I help you? 5. asking for and giving permission 미래 / 현재 Can I use your phone? -- Yes, of course you can. 6. Prohibition: 부정형만 가능 미래 / 현재 You cannot enter here without a ticket. I cannot let you in without a permission.

18 정샘 영어 Academy 18 Appendix 4. Could: summary 긍정부정 1. Ability 미래 ØØ 현재 ØØ 과거 I could run fast when I was young. We could reach the top of Mt. Everest yesterday. (X) We were able to reach the top of Mt. Everest yesterday. (O) // 과거 특정시점에는 be able to 만 가능 I could not speak Chinese when I was young. They could not reach the top of Mt. Everest yesterday. (O) // 부정문일 경우 특정시점에서 사 용 I tried but I couldn't persuade him to go to the party with us. // 과거의 구체적인상황에서 부정문 인 경우 could 만 가능 2. possibility (or Sureness) ( 가능 성 또는 확실성 ) 미래 I think he could come here around 6 tonight. // 50% He couldn’t come here around 6 tonight. //50%sure 현재 The story could be true but I don’t think it is. // 50% The situation is bad, but it could go worse. // 50% The story couldn’t be true. // 99% sure = cannot be true 과거 I guess it could have been Anna who called me. //50% = may have been, might have been I couldn't have lost my keys! (I'm sure I didn't) //could 부정문시 (99% sure) = cannot have lost 3. unfulfilled possibility: Could have PP 현재 실제 : I don’t have a million dollars. If I had a million dollars, I could buy a house. // 가정법 현재 과거 실제 : I failed the exam. I could have passed the exam if I'd really studied hard. // 가정법 과거 4. Unrealistic possibility 현재 I am so tired. I could sleep for a week. (I can sleep (X) ) // 현재의 unrealistic 과거 I was so tired. I could have slept for a week. // 과거 : could have PP // 과거

19 정샘 영어 Academy 19 Appendix 4. Could: summary (Cont.) 긍정부정 5. Unwillingness ( 그렇게는 할 수 없 다, 하고싶지 않다 = don’t want) 현재 I couldn’t leave Jim alone while he is visiting us. 과거 ØI couldn't have left the dog in the car for long (so I didn't). 6. suggestion (possibility 의미도 가능 ) 미래/현재미래/현재 What shall we do this evening? - We could have a party or We could go to movie. When you go to Seoul next month, you could stay with my friend. - Yes, I suppose I could. 과거과거 // 과거의 제안은 때늦은 제안의 의미 즉 unfulfilled suggestion 상황 : I failed the math class. You could have talked to your math teacher. Or you could have asked Jim to help you. (But you didn’t talk to your math teacher. You missed a good chance.) 7. Polite Request ( 상대에게 어떤 행 위를 요청하는것 ) 미래/현재미래/현재 Could you (please) pass me the salt? 8. asking for and giving permission ( 나의 행위에 대해 상대에게 허락 / 동 의를 구하는 것 ) 미래/현재미래/현재 Could I use your phone? -- Yes, of course you can. // 부정은 prohibition 의 의미 You cannot get in without a ticket. 과거과거 ØWhen I was a teenager, I couldn't stay out as late as I wanted.

20 정샘 영어 Academy 20 Appendix 5. Must : summary Strong Necessity = Ought to = Obligation 상황 : John didn't show up for work. ---- He must be fired. // 당위성 (= ought to) (because John didn't show up for work, John ought to be fired. ) I must finish the assignment by noon. = I have to finish Today is holiday. You don’t have to go to class. // lack of necessity Present Certainty (95%) 상황 : Why John isn’t in class?  He must be sick. // 95% 확실성 또는 합리적 결론 (= certainty) 부정형 : He must not be hungry. // 95% sure Past Certainty (95%) 상황 : John didn't show up for work.  He must have been sick // 95% sure (otherwise John would have shown up for work.) 부정형 ; He must not have been hungry. // 95% sure Prohibition (negative) You must not smoke in this room.

21 정샘 영어 Academy 21 Appendix 6. Should : summary Advisability 상황 : I’m having a headache now. What should I do?  You should see a doctor now.// definite advice 비교 : I’m having a headache now. What should I do?  You could see a doctor. // suggestion or possibility Hindsight advisability 상황 : I failed the math exam.  You should have asked to your math teacher. = You had a chance to talk to your math teacher. It was very important for you to talk to your math teacher. But you didn’t. You made a mistake. = You was supposed to ask to your teacher. Sureness (90%) Future: He should do well on the test. // 90% sure He should be here in 10 minutes. // 90%of probability The level test shouldn’t be that much difficult. // 90% sure Past: He should have done well on the test // Hindsight = I expected you did well on the test but you failed. Something is not normal or Something I expect to happen I wonder why Anna isn’t here. She should be here soon. (= She isn’t here yet. It is not normal. So I expect she will be here soon) The price of this item is wrong. It should be $25, not $250.

22 정샘 영어 Academy 22 Appendix 6. Should : summary (cont.) True 가정법에 서의 Should (90% 의 certainty) // If Anna should call = If Anna calls : Anna 가 전화하면 (90% 의 certainty) // If there should be(90%) // if there were (100%) If Anna should call, tell her I’ll be back around six. If there should be another world war, the future of mankind would be in jeopardy. // 가정법에서의 If 생략시 Should Anna call, tell her I will call her back soon. = ( If Anna should call, ~) Subjunctive 에 서의 Should It ~ That Demand, insist, They insisted that we should have dinner with them. // should 생략가능 = They insisted that we have dinner with them. I demanded that he should apologize. = I demanded that he apologize. It is essential that all the children should be given equal education opportunity. = It is essential that all the children be given equal education opportunity. Suggest 주의 // 주의 What do you suggest we (should) do? What do you suggest us to do? (X) Anna suggested that I should buy a car. Anna suggested me to buy a car. (X)