Ch 06. Subject-Verb Agreement

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1 Ch 06. Subject-Verb Agreement
Understanding and Using English Grammar Ch 06. Subject-Verb Agreement 정샘 영어 Academy

2 Context Basics Gerund and Infinitive as Subjects
With Binary Nouns(쌍쌍명사) Using Paired Conjunction 수량대명사 6. 부정대명사 (Using Indefinite Nouns 7. 기타 8. Half 표현 Appendix 1. 물주 구문

3 1. 주어동사일치 Basic John with his parents goes to Seoul.
The sun shines. Birds sing. People in my country are friendly. 단수 명사 + 동사-s / -es: 3인칭 단수동사 현재형 복수 명사-s /es + 동사 My brother lives in Seoul. My brother and sister live in Seoul. A needle and thread is on the table. // 실에 꿴 바늘 A needle and a thread are on the table. // 실과 바늘 각각 접속사 and사용시 - 두개이상의주어가 and로 연결되 면 복수동사를 취한다. 예외) each/every man and woman is … - 두 명사가 and로 연결되어도 불가분의 관계나 일체(一體)를 뜻할 땐 단수로 일치 - and로 연결시 관사가 2개면 복수취급, 관사가 1개면 단수 All work and no play makes Jim a dull boy. // 일만하고 쉬지 않는 바람에 짐은 우둔한 사람이 되었다. Trial and error is the source of our knowledge. A white and a red rose are in the vase. A white and red rose is in the vase. John with his parents goes to Seoul. 주어와 동사 사이에 전치사구 는 , 주어 동사일치와 무관 The glasses [over there under the window by the sink] are clean. My dog, [as well as my cats], likes cat food. 삽입구들: In addition to, along with, together with 주어와 동사 사이에 phrases (구) 가 삽입될 수 있으나, 주어 동사일 치와 무관 There is a book on the desk. There are books on the desk. 형식주어 Here/There사용시 Here comes the last runner. Here come the last runners. Here she comes.

4 2. Using Gerund, Infinitives as Subjects
Playing soccer is fun. Dieting is very popular today. Writing many letters is a way to improve English. Sending a gift makes her happy. 모든 동명사와 To부정사는 항상 단수 취급 Writing many English letters and Reading English newspapers is(또 는 are) a way to improve your English. // 하나의 의미로 인식 Running and walking are my favorite sport. // 두개를 각각 별개의 종 목으로 인식 Running and walking is my favorite sport. (X) // 두개를 하나의 종목으 로 인식(하나의 운동에 달리고 걷는 종목이 모두 포함된 ) 동명사/To 부정사가 and로 연 결된 경우 - 각각의 내용이 별개로 취급되 면 복수로, 하나의 의미로 취급되 면 단수로 받음 To teach and to learn are different. To get up early and to go to bed early make a man healthy.

5 3. with Binary Nouns (쌍쌍명사)
Binary Noun개념: 단어 자체 의미가 쌍 또는 2개의 부분으로 구성된 단어(as having 2 parts) 단어는 복수형이지만 의미는 하나의 개체로 간주 의미상 하나의 개체지만 형태가 복수형이라 복수 동사와 결합 단수를 만들기 위해서는 a pair of 를 사용 + 단수동사와 결합 종류: 도구(tools), Clothing(주로 하반신쪽에 입는 옷), 광학 렌즈(optical lenses) Sunglasses, goggles, binoculars, glasses, Leggings, pantyhose, jeans, pants, tights, shorts, overalls(위아래가 붙은 작업복) Pliers, forceps(외과용 핀셋,집게), tweezers, chopstick(s) + Plural Verb Sunglasses, goggles, binoculars, glasses, Leggings, pantyhose, jeans, pants, tights, shorts, overalls Pliers, forceps(외과용 핀셋,집게), tweezers, chopstick(s) A pair of … + + Singular Verb Scissors have very sharp edges. This pair of scissors is very sharp. The pants are in the drawer. A pair of pants is in the drawer. a pants is in the drawer. (X)

6 4. Using Paired Conjunctions
A + or + B B동사 Neither + A + nor + B + B동사 Either + A + or + B + B동사 Not only + A + but also + B + B동사 Not + A + but + B + B동사 A + as well as + B + A동사 Both + A + and + B + 복수동사 Neither Anna nor Jim is going to the party. Either Anna or Jim is going to the party. Neither Anna nor her friends are going to the party. Either Anna or her friends are going to the party. Neither/ either의 경우 nor/or 뒤에 나오는 명사에 의해 단복수 결정 참고: both + 형용사,명사,부사,전치사,동사 Jim is both talented and handsome. Anna plays both the guitar and the violin. He writes both correctly and neatly. She excels both in music and in science. Tom both plays the piano and compose music 참고: not only+형용사,명사,부사,전치사,동사 Jim is not only talented but also handsome. Anna plays not only the guitar but also the violin. He writes not only correctly but also neatly. Tom not only plays the piano but also composes music. She excels not only in music but also in science. // 주의: either/neither 가 or /nor 없이 사용되면 단수취급 If either of you takes a day off tomorrow, we will not be able to finish the task. Either of the two answers is wrong. Neither of the answers is right. Neither of the answers you give is satisfactory to us. // Both는 항상 복수 Both My mother and my father are here. // but also 다음에 나오는 명사가 단/복수 결정 Not only my mother but also my father is here. Not only my mother but also my friends are here.

7 5. 수량대명사 사용하는 경우: All, One, Each, Every
Each has their favorite. // 대명사 Each of the students was late to the class. // 대명사 Each student was late to the class. // 수량형용사 Each employee has not donated his blood. (X) // each는 부정문 사용못함 = Neither employee has not donated his blood. (O) //둘 = No employee has not donated his blood. (O) // 셋 이상 One, each, every + 단수명사 + 단수동사 One, Each, Every one + of + the 복수명사 + 단수동사 every + 서수 + 단수명사 / every + 기수 + 복수명사 주의: each는 부정문에 사용 못함 // 수량대명사 every Every student, professor, and staff needs to cooperate. Every one of the students needs to cooperate with professors. every other day 이틀마다, 이틀에 한 번(= every two days, every second day) every fourth day 매 4일마다(= every four days) Each and every employee has donated his blood. //모두 각자. each와 every를 동 시에 강조 We each put $2 in the kitty, and then sent John to buy food for everybody. We have every reason to believe what he said // every = 충분한, 합당한 She and I are love each other, and we are learning each other's language. //주의: He and I are sharing a room each other. (X) → with each other (O) 주의: each앞에 대명사가오면 대명 사의 수를 따른다. each other : ‘서로’를 뜻하는 명사 이며 문의 주어로 쓰지 않고 목적어 나 소유격으로만 사용. - every and each로 바꿔 쓰면 틀린 다. 7

8 5. 수량 (대)명사를 사용하는 경우(cont.): All, One, Each, Every
One of the students was late to the class. Each of the students was late to the class. Every one of the students was late to the class. One, each, every + 단명 + 단동 One, each, every one + of the+ 복명 + 단동 Lincoln was one of the greatest men that were respected. She is one of my friends who understand me. She is the only one of my friends who understands me. one of + 복명 + 관계사 + 복동 the only one of + 복명 + 관계사 +단동 More than one girl knows the secret. // 한 명 이상의 소녀 More than one of the girls know the secret. // 그 소녀들중 한 명 이상 There is more than one reason to believe that he is kind. There are more than one of the reasons to believe that he is kind. more than one of the + 복명 + 복동 more than one + 단명 + 단동 // 부정대명사 all All are present. // 사람/동물이면 복수취급 All is ready. All he said was true. // 량그 이외에는 단수취급 I lost all. // all = all things I have

9 5. 수량 (대)명사를 사용하는 경우 (Cont..): Of the 사용시
가산 불가산 수량(대)명사+ of the+ 복명+ 복동 수량(대)명사+ of the+ 단명+ 단동 Many of the students were late to the class. Several of the students were late to the class. A few of the students were late to the class Much of the furniture is uncomfortable. A little of the furniture is uncomfortable. All of the students were late to the class. Some of the students were late to the class. Both of the students were late to the class Most of the students were late to the class. . Any of the students were not late to the class. All of the furniture is uncomfortable. Some of the furniture is uncomfortable. Both of the furniture is comfortable. Most of the furniture is uncomfortable. Any of the furniture is not bad. // 주의: All are agreed. // = all people All is expensive. // = all things All are silent in this room. // = all people All is silent in this room. // = everything Some of the book is good. // 책이 1권, 그중 일부 Some of the books are good. // 책이 여러권, 그중에 몇 권 주의: some 다음에는 단수가산 명사 가능. The number of students in my class is fifteen. A number of students were late to school. // = many

10 6. 부정대명사 (Using Indefinite Pronouns) 사용시
- Anybody, anyone, anything - Nobody, no one, nothing - Somebody, someone, something - Everybody, everyone, everything + 단수동사 Everybody who has not purchased the ticket cannot be in. Nobody studies harder than Jim. Anybody who has lost his ticket cannot be entered. Something was happened yesterday. 부정대명사가 of the 없이 단독으로 쓰이면 항상 단수 취급 None are good enough. //none은 과거에는 단수취급, 현대에는 복수취급 None knows the weight of another’s burden None이 대명사로 단독으로 사용되면 단/복 수 모두가능하나, 현재는 주로 복수취급 ‘No/None + of the’ 는 of 다음에 오는 명사 에 의해 단복수 결정 - None of the + 단수명사 + 단수동사 - None of the + 복수명사 + 복수동사 None = No one None of the missing children were found. None of the counterfeit money has been found. None of us are quite sure where the trouble is. // informal None of us is entirely blameless in this matter. // formal There was/were none absent. // 단/복수 모두 가능 = There was no one absent. // 단/복수 모두 가능 No example is relevant to this case. // 부정형용사 No examples are relevant to this case. // 부정형용사 부정대명사가 형용사로 쓰이면 다음에 오는 명사에 의해 단복수 결정 - No + 단수명사 + 단수동사 - No + 복수명사 + 복수동사

11 6. Numeric and Measurement Expression
Twenty-five dollars is too much pay for the lunch. Fifty minutes isn’t enough time to finish the test. Ten miles is too much to run in one day. Ten years is too long a time to wait. // 단수: 하나의 단위개념 Ten years have passed since she died. // 복수: 10년, 2년이라는 복수형 The TOEFL test will last four hours. It will be a four-hour TOEFL test. My daughter is three years old. I have a three-year-old daughter. //주의: hundreds of thousands of people are ~. //주의: of수식어구가 나오면 복수형 Thousands of fans are waiting for her. 시간, 돈, 거리등과 같은 측정단위는 하나의 단위개념또는 집합단위로 해석되면 단수형, 그렇지 않으면 복수형 숫자표현이 명사를 수식하는 형용사를 역할을 하는 경우 하이폰으로 연결되고 항상 단수형 Three-fourths of the cakes have been eaten. Three-fourths of the cake has been eaten. 분수표현 같은 수사 표현에 Of를 사용하면, of다음에 나오는 명사에 의해 결정 Two and Two is four. Two and Two equals four. Two plus two is/equals four. Five times two is ten. 수학적 표현은 항상 단수 Many a book is on the desk. = Many books are on the desk. many a + 단명 + 단동 부사구나 전치사구는 주어동사 일치에 영향을 미치지 않는다

12 7. 기타 (Of the 사용시) A total of 546 Koreans lives in this country.
A set of people are feeling very threatened about loosing their priviledge to this a set of + 복명 + 복동 The Majority believes that he is innocent. // Majority 단독 일 경우 단수 A majority of people believe Israel and Iran have a mainly negative influence in the world. A majority of the information was wrong. // majority of + information : 단수 Majority/Rest 용법 - Majority만 쓰이면 단수 - A (the) majority of + 복명+ 복동 /단명+단동 - the rest of (most of) + 복명 + 복동 /단명+단동 Ninety percent of people have a car. 47 percent of women do not enjoy being mother. Fifty percent of the population is… 주의: Half a percent // half와 결합시 a percent / a percentage percent + of + 단명 + 단동 percent + of + 복명 + 복동/단동 둘다가능 그러나 주로 명사에 일치 Percent / percentage의 복수형 없음 percent, fifty percent,… - small/large Percentage, fifty percentage (X)

13 8. Half 표현 // ø half + 수량단위명사 인 경우: half + a +명 = a half + 단명 Half a mile is (O) = a half mile is (O) Half an hour is = an half hour is half of a mile (X) // half + 수량단위명사시 of 사용안함 I read half of them. // half + of + 대명사, 대명사가 오면 of사용 Half + 한정사 + 명사인 경우 - half + a + 단명 + 단동(일반적) = a half + 단명 + 단동 - Half 다음에는 일반적으로 of가 오지 않으나, 대명사가 올경우 of 사용 - 명사가 복수면 복동 - 명사가 단수면 단동 Half of + 한정사 + 명사 Half of my friends live in Seoul. // half of + 한정사 + 복명 + 복동 Half of the money is mine. // half of + 한정사 + 단명 + 단동 Half  our money goes on food // half + 한정사 + 단명 + 단동 Half the kids in this room are unemployed. // half + 한정사 + 복명 + 복동 (The) Half of ten is five // of 다음에 Ten이오지만 수량은 단수취급 Two halves make a whole. // 반쪽이 두 개면 하나가 된다. One and a half hours are (O) = One hour and a half is = an hour and a half is = one and a half hour (X) // 기수 + and a half + 복명 One year and a half Ø has passed since I lived in Seoul. (단수) One and a half years have passed since I lived in Seoul. (복수) // two and a half pounds are = two pounds and a half is // 2파운드 반 two and a half hours are = two hours and a half is // 2년 반 and a half 인 경우 - and a half 다음에 명사가 오면 항상 복수형이고 동사도 복수 One (two, three..)+ and a half + 복명 + are - and a half 다음에 명사가 오지않으면, 항상 단수 One (two, three..)+ 수량명사 + and a half + Ø + is // half + 형,부사 인 경우: 절반의,반의(형), 반쯤, 반 정도(부사) It is half past ten. // 10시 반, 무관사 half임, a half 아님 The cinema was half empty. // half+ 형용사 the first [latter] half of the 21st century 21세기 전[후]반 형용사, 부사로 쓰인 half

14 Appendix 1. 물주구문 – 사람 주어 vs. 비 사람주어 문장
People can travel thanks to airplanes. Airplanes enable[allow] people to travel through the air. (비행기를 타고 사람들은 공중으로 여행할 수 있다.) 사람이 주어로 쓰인 구문을 인주어 구문이라고 하 며, 무생물이 주어로 쓰인 구문을 물주구문이라고 한 다. 1. 인주어 구문 : 사람주어 + can 물주구문 : 무생물 주어 + enable + 목적어 + to do~~ The heavy rain prevented me from attending the meeting. (폭우 때문에 나는 그 모임에 참석하지 못했다.) 2. 인주어 구문 : 사람주어 + cannot 물주구문 : 무생물 주어 + prevent + 목적어 + from + (동)명사 He went to Seoul on business. Business took him to Seoul. 3. 인주어 구문 : 사람 주어 + go to(get to) ~ 물주구문 : 무생물 주어 + take + 목 + to The cry brought me to the spot. (그 울음소리를 듣고 그 장소에 왔다.) 4. 인주어 구문 : 사람 주어 + come(reach)~ 물주 구문 : 무생물 주어 + bring + 목 + to~~ As her father died suddenly, she had to give up school. = Her father's sudden death forced her to give up school. The rain forced[compelled] him to put off his departure. (비 때문에 그는 출발을 연기해야 했다.) 5. 인주어 구문 : 사람주어 + have to ~ ~가 ~해야한 다. 물주구문 : 무생물　주어 +　force(compel, oblige) + 목적어 + to~~~ 6. His son's death made[drove] him almost mad. (그의 아들의 죽음이 그를 거의 미치게 했다.) 7. This construction cost me one million dollars. (이 건설에 일 백만 달러가 들었다.)