Understanding and Using

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1 Understanding and Using
English Grammar Appendix VII. 강조, 동격 , 삽입, 생략 정샘 영어 Academy

2 Context 강조(Emphasis) 동격(Equation) 삽입(Insertion) 생략(Omission) 반복어구의 생략
시간과 조건의 부사절에서 주어 + be동사의 생략 목적격 관계대명사의 생략 전치사의 생략 That의 생략

3 1. 강조 (Emphasis) I met Anna in the park yesterday.
동사강조: I did met Anna in the park yesterday. // 강조의 do 주어강조: It was I that met Anna in the park yesterday. //주의: me 불가 목적어강조: It was Anna that (whom) I met in the park yesterday. 장소강조: It was in the park that (where) I met Anna yesterday. 시간강조: It was yesterday that (when) I met Anna in the park. 시간강조: It was when I was 12 that I learned how to play the guitar. 1. 평서문/긍정문 강조 It is ~ that (when, where) 강 조구문 - It is 강조대상 that 형식: 동사 와 보어를 제외한 강조물 - that 대신에 다른 관계대명사 사용 가능 - 강조대상이 대명사일 경우 항 상 주격 - 동사는 it ~ that으로 강조할 수 없으며, 강조의 do동사를 써 서 강조 - 명사절도 강조 가능 - 주의: 강조구문에서 강조대상 이 복수라도 주어는 무조건 It is I really like the books. = It is the books that I really like. (O) = They are the books that I really like. (X) // 강조구문은 대상이 복수라도 무조건 It is It is you that are to blame for the result. //그 결과에 대하여 책임 있는 사람은 당신이다 It is you, Jim, that is to blame for the result. (X) It is you, Jim, that are to blame for the result. (O) // that is 가 아님에 주의 It is you, not me, that are to blame for the result. (X) It is you, not I, that are to blame for the result. (O) // not I 임에 주의 It is not words that matters, so much as the way you say them. //중요한 것은 말이 아니라 말하는 방법이다 중요한 것은 A가 아니라 B다 - It is B, not A, that are, - It is not A that matters, so much as B : He is the very man that I have met yesterday. // very 명사강조하는 수식어 This very day is my grandmom’s 90th birthday. 참고: 강조구문의 modifier – 명사강조시 사용 : the very, every, such, absolute What he meant nobody could know. // 그가 의도하는 것을 아무도 알 수 없었다 참고: 강조하고자 하는 것은 문 두에 쓸 수 있음

4 1. 강조 (Emphasis) : 문장 강조 Who broke the window?
Who was it that broke the window? What on earth are you talking about? What on earth do you mean? // 도대체 무슨 의도입니까? Is there any chance of our winning at all? 2. 의문문 강조 1) 의문사 의문문 : - is it that ~? - on earth, in the world, the hell, the devil, ever, the heck 등으로 강조 2) 일반 의문문 : - at all, ever, what(so)ever 등 으로 강조: 도대체, 과연 They are not in the least lazy. // 전혀 게으르지 않다. I can't remember him for the like of me. // 나는 아무리해도 그를 기억 할 수 없다 She doesn't trust you whatever. // 그녀는 널 전혀 믿지 않아. I have no knowledge whatever of it. //나는 그것에 대하여 전혀 알지 못 한다 3. 부정문 강조 - whatever / whatsoever는 부 정문에서 명사 뒤에서 명사강 조 - ever, at all, in the least, a bit, in the slightest, what(so)ever - for the like of me

5 1. 강조 (Emphasis) Standing as it does on a hill, the villa commands a fine view. (언덕 위에 위치하고 있어서 그 별장은 전망이 좋다) as + 주어 + do동사는 현 재 분사 강조 I met him yesterday myself. // 나는 어제 나 스스로 그를 만났다 I myself finished the work. 재귀 대명사의 강조적 용 법 He does volunteer work at the school. Who broke the window? // 일반의문문 Who did break the window? // 강조의문문, 누가 창문을 깨뜨렸나? do동사를 사용한 동사의 강조 Amy is 5. Jim is 5.  Amy is just as old as Tina. // 원급 강조 Amy is 5. Johh is 6.  Amy is nearly/almost as old as John. // 원급 강조 Anna is far taller than Tom. // 비교급 강조 Anna is much taller than Tom. // 비교급 강조 She is by far the oldest among all. // 최상급 강조 He is quite the most stupid man I’ve ever met. 원급/비교급/ 최상급 강조 (비교급 참조)

6 2. 동격(Equation) 1. 명사구 동격 - 문두 동격 - 문중 동격 - 문미 동격
Graham Bell, who is an American scientist, invented the telephone. // Graham Bell = an American scientist  Graham Bell, an American scientist, invented the telephone. // 문중동격  An American scientist, Graham Bell invented the telephone. // 문두동격 In 1521, Francis invaded northern Spain and then sent an army into Italy against the duchy of Milan, a territory Charles claimed as Habsburg land. // 문미동격 2. to부정사동격: - 명사 + to부정 사 Some animals have the ability to communicate with people. Ability = be able to failure = fail to willingness = be willing to Attempt = attempt to desire = desire to need = need to 명사 + to부정사구 조에서 to부정사가 의 미상 명사와 동격. 이 구조의 명사는 동사 + to부정사 구조로 바 꿔 사용 가능 3. that절 동격 The fact that he is poor is known to everyone. // the fact = that he is poor = There is no possibility that he will come here tomorrow. // no possibility = that he will come 동격 접속사 (that) : 명사 that + 주어 + 동 사 + 목적어/보어 명사+that절은 주 로 충고 나 희망을 의 미 명사+ that절 = 동 사+that절 로 변경 가 능 It is my belief that all children should have equal educational opportunities. I had a feeling that he had cheated with the girl. Advice =Advise that agreement = agree that belief = believe that Claim = claim that conclusion = conclude that decision = decide that Feeling = feel that hope = hope that promise = pomise that Threat = threat that warning = warn that doubt = doubt that 4. 동격전치사 of There is no possibility of his coming here tomorrow. // possibility of = his coming The city of Seoul // the city = Seoul 5. 기타 동격표 현 That is to say = that is = namely = i.e = in other words (즉, 다시 말해서) for example = for instance = e.g (예를 들어) 동격을 의미하는 어구 들

7 3. 삽입(Insertion) 1. 삽입 어구들: 문장의 의미를 명확하게 하기위해 - 원인과 결과 - 대조: 그러나,
- 양보: 비록 ~ 이더라도, ~에도 불구하고 - 조건, 자격, 예, In fact, as a rule, as a matter of fact, for example, for instance, However, on the other hand, if any / if few / if little: 부정의 의미를 가진 수(양)를 강조(~있어도, 있다면/있으면) if ever : 시간(빈도)부사를 강조한다(~하더라도, 있다손 치더라도) if at all (있다고 하더라도) if anything (어느 쪽인가 하면 ) 2. 독립부정사, 분사구문의 삽입 So to speak, to begin with, to tell the truth, Generally speaking, frankly speaking 3. 절의 삽입 He is a person whom I think to be honest. // I think 삽입절 아님. 따라서 think의 목적어로 목적 격 관계대명사 whom이 와야 함 He is a person whom I think is honest. (X) 관계대명사와 삽입절 - I think, I suppose 주의: 형용사절은 삽입 절형태이나, 삽입절로 보 지않음 He is a person who is honest. (O) = He is a person who, I think, is honest. (O) // I think 삽입절 = He is a person who I think is honest. (O) // I think 삽입절 Mr. Lee, whom I met yesterday, teaches chemistry. (O) // 형용사절은 삽입절로 보지않음 Mr. Lee, that I met yesterday, teaches chemistry. (X) Mr. Lee, Ø I met yesterday, teaches chemistry. (X) There are few, if any, people who believe it. // 그것을 믿는 사람들은 비록 있다고 하더라도 거의 없다. He seldom, if ever, goes to church on Saturday. // 비록 간다하더라도 드물게 일요일 날 예배 보 러간다. Her condition is, if anything, worse than in the morning. // 그녀의 상태는 어느 쪽인가 하면 아 침보다 더 악화 되었다. if any + 명사 if ever + 동사

8 4. 생략(Omission) --- I feel awful failing the exam.
It serves you right for not studying hard. (O) Ø Serves you right for not studying hard. (O) 주어생략 - 구어체에서의 관용적 주어 It, that 생략 - 분사 구문에서의 주어와 접속사, being, having been의 생략(분사 구문 참조) - 종속절에서의 주어 + be동사 또 는 동사의 생략 (Having been) Left to herself, she would have gone astray. Running along the street, the accident was seen by me. (X) Running along the street, I saw the accident. (O) When I was a boy, I lived in Busan. = When a boy, I lived in Busan. When (you are) in trouble, please call me. // 명령문시 부사절의 주어는 항 상you I gave him all the money that I could (give). // 종속절에서 조동사만 있을 때는 주절의 동사가 생략되어 있는 것임 To get well, an operation is needed. (X) To get well, he needs an operation. (O) 의미상의 주어 생략: 부정사/ 동 명사구에서 주어가 주절의 주어 와 같으면 생략가능 - 중요: 의미상의 주어와 주절의 주어 일치여부 중요 On leaving home, it began to rain. (X) On leaving home, I met a friend of mine. (O) On my leaving home, I met a friend of mine. (O) You may go if you want. (X) You may go if you want to. (O)

9 4. 생략(Omission) Some went by bus, the others (went) by taxi.
Having been poor in the past is no shame, but being ashamed of it is (shame). 반복어구의 생략 - 반복된 명사/동사의 생략 - 소유격 뒤에 나오는 반복된 명사 생략가능 - 소유격뒤의 명사는 반복되지않더 라도, 자주쓰이는 표현은 생략가능 -비교 구문에서의 비교대상의 생략 (비교 구문 참조) My book is similar to my sister's (book). // 반복되는 명사 I have been to the barber's (shop) to have my hair cut. // 집, 건물, 상점 He is as kind as (kind) can be. = He is very kind. He is as old as I am (old). I like you better than he (likes you). I like you better than (I like) him. // 이성적 판단일 때: necessary, important, natural, right, rational, wrong, proper It is natural that he (should) get angry. // 제안, 주장, 요구, 명령일 때:suggest, recommend, demand, require, order, insist, propose He suggested that we (should) go to the movie. Subjunctive에서 that절에서 조 동사 should의 생략

10 4. 생략(Omission) : (cont.) Were I a bird, I would fly to you.
= If I were a bird, I would fly to you. 가정법에서 If 생략 (가정법 참조) He failed (in) the examination. I spent many hours (in) studying English. I have difficulty (in) solving the problem. It had rained (for) two hours when I came here. 전치사의 생략 (뒤에 자세히) We elected James (to be) Ø chairman. We appointed him as Ø treasurer. We appointed him (to be) Ø treasurer. Tom was appointed Ø principal of our school. //목적격보어 관사의 생략 (관사 참조) 관직, 신분을 나타내는 명사가 단 순히 직책을 의미하는 보어로 사용 될때 관사생략해야함: 주로 임명하 다, 뽑다라는 동사와 함께(elect, ap point, become). This is the house (which) I live in. 관계 대명사의 생략 (관계 대명사 참조)

11 4. 생략(Omission): 전치사의 생략 The earth is (of) the shape of a ball.
Her dress was (of) a dark brown. be + of + 명사(구)에서 of 의 생략: 이때 of다음의 명사구는 형용사와 같은 역할을 하는데, 이경우 전치사 of는 생 략 가능 be + /키/몸무게/길이/사이즈/나이/색 /형체/ 등 먼가 측정과 관련된 표현인 경우 전치사 of사용 안함 What color are her eyes? (O) Of what color are her eyes? (X) I’m the same weight as I was 10 years ago. (O) I’m of the same weight as I was 10 years ago. (X) I am glad that you are able to come. (O) I am glad of that you are able to come. (X) // glad 다음에 of 생략 I am not sure (of) what I am supposed to do. The question (of) whether they should cancel the meeting was not discussed. 형용사나 분사 뒤에 명사절이 형용사 의 보어(목적어)로 오는 경우, 전치사 생략 가능, 특히 that절인 경우 전치사 사용 안함. I am not quite sure where to go. (O) I am not quite sure of where to go. (X) //sure 다음에 of 를 생략 형용사 다음에 의문사 + to부정사가 오는 경우 반드시 전치사 생략 We will discuss your plans. (not discuss about ) She married a friend of Anna’s. ( not marry to/with ) He’s smart, but he lacks experience. (not lack of) She entered the church. (not enter into) The train is now approaching Seoul station. ( not approach to ) 동사가 discuss, enter, marry, lack, resemble(~을 닮다), approach(접근하 다)일 경우 전치사 없이 목적어 취함. She has no money to buy food (with). We need a place to live (in). We had no place to go (to) 명사+ to부정사 시 to부정사 다음에 전치사 생략

12 4. 생략(Omission): 전치사의 생략 (cont.)
on every hour (X) → every hour (O)   Three times a day, cost 20 dollars an hour, six miles an hour Let’s have a drink Monday evening. ( not on Monday morning) He stayed for all week. (X) → He stayed all week.(O) I walked (for) six miles. I had to wait (for) three hours. They came home (at) about seven. Go straight ahead (for) three hours. 요일 / 날짜/ 시간/ 거리/방법/정도 의 표현 인 경우 what time …? What day …? Which day …? 의문문일때 about /around + 시간 표현시 how long 표현시 전치사 for생략 가능 What time does the train arrive ? // 보다 더 자유스러운 표현 At what time does the train arrive ? // 덜 부자유스러운 표현 I’ll see you about 3 o’clock. (O) I’ll see you at about 3 o’clock. (X) I’ve been here (for) 3 weeks . How long are you staying (for)? They raised cows (in) the same way their ancestors used 1,000 years ago. (in) this way, (in) the same way, (in) another way Let’s go (to) some place where it’s quite. . place 앞에