Ch.3. 수질 영향 요인 지질 기후 지형 식생/생물의 활동 인간 - 오염
수질에 영향을 미치는 지질 요인 구조/조직: 암석의 종류 (=광물 조성): 물의 체류 시간 (반응 시간) 물 이동 경로 반응의 종류 용존 성분의 종류 및 함량
지질에 따른 수질 차이 For Chuncheon stream water (From Yu et al, 1994)
For the groundwater from Indian Wells-Owens Valley, CA (from Güler and Thyne 2004).
물-암석 상호 작용 흡착/탈착 이온 교환 용해/침전 수화/가수분해
흡착-탈착 Aqueous or gas phase J Adsorption Adsorbate Desorption Adsorbent
Distribution, Langmuir, Freundlich, etc. 흡착 모델 ≡S + J = ≡S-J 실험적 모델 Distribution, Langmuir, Freundlich, etc. 표면 복합체 모델 (surface complexation) Constant capacitance Diffusive electric double layer Triple layer etc.
Heavy metal removal from the stream water (Yu and Heo, 2001) Variations of the dilution factor (D) and removal fractions (Ri) of the dissolved metals along Imgok Creek: a, October 1996; b, April, 1997; c, October, 1997. Data from Yu and Heo (2001).
Ion Exchange Aqueous or gas phase J+ I+ I+ J+ J+ Exchangeable cations Exchangeable sites
Ii+/i + J-Sj/j = I-Si/i + Jj+/j 이온 교환 반응의 평형 Ii+/i + J-Sj/j = I-Si/i + Jj+/j Gains-Thomas convention (Gains and Thomas, 1953) Vanselow convention (Vanselow, 1932) Gapon convention (Gapon, 1933)
점토 층 밑의 염수의 세척 From Appelo & Postma (1993) Dutch Wadden sea Islands Porosity = 0.3 Flushing salts in pore space = 40 yrs Removal of exchangeable Na+ by Ca2+ = 457 yrs Removal of exchangeable Mg2+ by Ca2+ = 249 yrs Total of 746 yrs of cleaning
용해 및 침전 Dissolution Precipitation
aA + bB + cC + ∙∙∙∙ = iI + jJ + kK + ∙∙∙∙ 용해 침전 반응의 표현 aA + bB + cC + ∙∙∙∙ = iI + jJ + kK + ∙∙∙∙ 평형 모델링 When τR>>τ1/2, Keq = ∏aiνi 반응 속도론적 모델링 Otherwise, dCi/dt = νik∏ Cini
하천수 내 광물의 안정성 from Yu et al. (1994)
schwertmannite and ferrihydrite의 침전에 의해 조절되는 하천수 내 Fe 함량 from Yu et al. (1999)
영국 물의 경도 www.brookwater.co.uk/water_softeners.shtml www.coastalguide.org/england/engrcol.html
지하수 내 비소 오염 또는 자연적 원인(from anthropogenic and natural sources) 보통 자연적으로 As 농도는 매우 낮음 (<10ppb) 자연계의 높은 As 함량은 비소를 포함한 광물의 산화-환원 반응 때문 발암성, 피부 및 내부 장기에 다양한 중독증 유발
지구상의 비소 문제들 1 US Unknown 8 India 1,000,000 2 Mexico 400,000 9 Bangladesh 50,000,000 3 Chile 437,000 10 Thailand 1,000 4 Bolivia 20,000 11 Vietnam Millions 5 Argentina 2,000,000 12 Taiwan 200,000 6 Hungary 20,000 13 China 720,000 7 Romania 36,000 14 Nepal Unknown from http://www.mindfully.org/Water/2003/Arsenic-Legacy-Worldwide6aug03.htm
비소 중독증(arsenosis) Bangladesh http://www.siliconeer.com/past_issues/2000/may2000.html
참고문헌 Appelo, C.A.J. and Postma, D. (1993) Geochemistry, Groundwater and Pollution. Balkema, Rotterdam, 536p. Gains, G.L. and Thomas, H.C. (1953) Adsorption studies on clay minerals. II. A formulation of the thermodynamics ofexchange adsorption. J. Chem. Phys., 21, 714-718. Gapon, E.N. (1933) Theory of exchange adsoption (in Russian). V. J. Gen. Chem. (USSR), 3, 667-669. Güler, C and Thyne, G.D. (2004) Hydrologic nd geologic factors controlling surface and groundwater chemistry in Indian Wells-Owens Valley area, southeastern California, USA. J. Hydrol., 285, 177-198. Langmuir, D. (1997) Aqueous Environmental Geochemistry. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 600p. Vanselow, A.P. (1932) Equilibria of the base-exchange reactions of bentonite, permutites, soil colloids and zeolites. SOil Sci., 33, 95-113. Yu, J.-Y. and Choi, I.-K. (1994) Adsorption of trace metals on the natural amorphous iron oxyhydroxide from the Taebag coal mine area. J. Kor. Soc. Groundwater Environ., 1, 23-32. Yu, J.-Y.. Choi, I.-K., and Kim, H.-S. (1994) Geochemical characteristics of the surface water depending on the bed rock types in the Chuncheon area. J. Geol. Soc. Kor., 30, 307-324. Yu, J.-Y. and Heo, B. (2001) Dilution and removal of dissolved metals from acid mine drainage along Imgok Creek, Korea. Appl. Geochem., 16, 1041-1053. Yu, J.-Y., Heo, B., Choi, I.-K., Cho, J.-P., and Chang, H.-W. (1999) Apparent solubilities of schwertmannite and ferrihydrite in natural strea waters polluted by mine drainage. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 63, 3407-3416.