Lesson 01 The Hidden Heroes Inside Us High School English II

Lesson 01 p.15 The Hidden Heroes Inside Us A human being has about 10 trillion human cells, but there are also other tiny creatures living in the human body. These creatures are clusters of bacteria in different parts of the body, such as on the surface or in the deep layers of the skin, in the mouth and the nose, and in the lungs and the stomach. which are 생략 →other tiny creatures

Lesson 01 p.15 But the greatest number of bacteria, about 100 trillion that weigh up to 2 kg, reside in the gut. This may sound somewhat frightening, but these bacteria have a crucial and positive influence on our health. 다소, 약간

Lesson 01 p.15 The first scientist who paid attention to these microbes in the gut and their importance was Ilya Mechinikov, who won the Nobel Prize in 1908 for his studies on the immune system. He was living in Paris in the late 19th century when thousands of people were suffering from cholera, a disease that was sweeping the European continent. pay attention to: …에 관심을 가지다 관계대명사의 계속적 용법(사람 선행사에 대한 부가 정보 제공) 동격

Lesson 01 p.15 As a scientist, Mechinikov was naturally driven to study this disease, which eventually led him to eat food containing the cholera bacteria. Remarkably, he didn’t get sick. Intrigued, he decided to increase his sample size and recruited a colleague to do the same. The colleague didn’t get sick either. But when he tested on another colleague, the poor man became critically ill and almost died.

Lesson 01 p.16 What made them react to the same disease in different ways? By studying cholera under the microscope, Mechinikov found that certain species of bacteria from the human gut supported and stimulated the cholera’s growth, while other species prevented it. 사역동사+목적어+목적격보어(동사원형) …함으로써 접속사 that S V O → the cholera’s growth …한 반면에

Lesson 01 p.16 After further study, he realized (that our gut bacteria were essential for human health), and (that the right balance of microbes / inside of us / could help prevent disease). Sadly, this view was not widely accepted at the time and was eventually forgotten after Mechinikov died in 1916. 동사가 목적어가 두 개의 that절 그 당시에(=at that time)

Lesson 01 p.16 A decade later, antibiotics were discovered. Antibiotics have saved countless lives by giving doctors and scientists the means to kill harmful germs that infect wounds, cause deadly diseases, and spread through food. 현재완료 시제(‘지금도’ 여전히 수많은 생명을 구하고 있음) give + 간접목적어 + 직접목적어 to부정사의 형용사적 용법 harmful germs를 꾸미는 주.관.대. 병렬구조(infect, cause, and spread)

Lesson 01 p.16 However, as time has passed, the miraculous power of antibiotics has caused some doctors to use them too much. Moreover, people have come to see all germs as threats to good health, and as a result, they have done their best to keep their bodies clean of them. 시간이 흐르면서 cause + O + O.C (5형식): ~가 ~하게 하다. (=antibiotics) 게다가(= In addition, Furthermore) come to-V: …하게 되다 see A as B : A를 B로 보다. keep+목적어+형용사: …를 ~하게 유지하다.(5형식)

Lesson 01 p.16 A war has been waged on microbes, and people have spent almost a century trying to kill them. Unfortunately, this attitude has had harmful effects on health, resulting in a rise in allergies and immune deficiencies. wage: (전쟁 등을) 벌이다 spend + 시간 + ing : ~하는 데 ~만큼의 시간을 쓰다. 불행하게도(↔ Fortunately) , ing : ~하면서(~란 결과를 초래하며)

Lesson 01 p.17 Fortunately, scientists are beginning to see the relationship between microbes and the human body in a new light. According to recent studies, thousands of species of microbes in the gut have different functions, and good health is incredibly dependent upon the well-being of these numerous and diverse microbes. 새로운 시각으로 S V O be dependent upon: …에 의존하다(= depend on)

Lesson 01 p.17 By occupying our bodies first, they prevent harmful germs from growing there. Therefore, people with a healthy bacterial community may remain unaffected by slightly infected food, but those with fewer or unbalanced microbes may suffer from food poisoning. prevent A from B : A를 B로부터 예방하다. remain/stay/keep + 형용사: …인 채로 있다[유지하다] =people 식중독

Lesson 01 p.17 They also facilitate our immune system / by distinguishing / between good substances / that should be allowed into our bodies / and / harmful ones / that should be rejected. Therefore, having insufficient germs or losing important ones leads to various health problems. =microbes =between A and B =substances S (동명사구는 단수 취급 → 동사가 leads인 이유) V

Lesson 01 p.17 Some microbes help the stomach digest some vegetables and milk. If they are absent, it is difficult (to absorb certain vegetables and milk), which eventually leads to an unbalanced diet and poorer health. Other bacteria help the body produce vitamins B and K, as well as important amino acids. help(준사역)+O+O.C(동사원형 또는 to부정사) =some microbes 가주어 진주어 앞 절 전체를 받는 계속적 용법의 관계대명사(=and it) help(준사역) + O + O.C (동사원형 또는 to부정사) A as well as B: B뿐만 아니라 A도

Lesson 01 p.18 Some microbes in the gut determine whether particular drugs are toxic to the liver / and whether or not other drugs will work to combat a heart condition. Other microbes regulate the appetite hormone, which makes a person feel full or hungry. Losing these microbes may result in increased body fat. whether (or not): …인지 아닌지 심장병 …라는 결과를 낳다 (= lead to, cause, bring about, etc.)

Lesson 01 p.18 One recent study found that (transplanting a lean mouse’s gut bacteria into an overweight mouse’s stomach) made the overweight mouse lose weight. Similarly, doing the reverse made the lean mouse gain weight. S (that절의 주어) V(사역동사) + 목적어 + 목적격 보어(동사원형) 비슷하게 S(동명사구) (방금 언급한 것의) 정반대(= 과체중인 쥐의 장내 세균을 야윈 쥐의 위장에 이식하는 것)

Lesson 01 p.18 Some researchers / who have realized the crucial role of microbes / are trying to apply this knowledge / to cure people. Instead of using antibiotics, they have found / that introducing or increasing the necessary germs / that the person lacks can cure some diseases. some researchers를 꾸미는 주.관.대. 치료하기 위해서(to부정사의 부사적용법-목적) =some researchers =접속사 앞 명사구를 꾸며주는 관계대명사절 (사람들이 부족한 필수 세균들)

Lesson 01 p.18 For example, there were people /[ who had a terrible form of diarrhea], / so they had to go to the bathroom / up to 20 times / a day. These people had not been helped by antibiotic therapy. Researchers transplanted some of the good microbes / from a healthy donor / into these patients’ guts. S.관.대. …까지, …만큼 하루에 대과거(수동태, 부정형):도움을 받지 못했었다. transplant from A into B : A에서 B로 이식하다. =people who had a terrible form of diarrhea

Lesson 01 p.18 One day after they received their transplant, all their symptoms cleared up and the diarrhea vanished. They were essentially healthy again. The bacterial community in their own guts came to resemble the donor’s bacterial community. …한지 하루가 지나자 없어지다(= disappeared) → the patients’ ~하게 되었다.

Lesson 01 p.19 Given this knowledge, nutritionists suggest the following ways / to keep our guts healthy. One of the easiest ways to do this is through our food. Good microbes can be found in many of the foods [we eat] and whatever else gets to our mouths. By eating foods [that contain beneficial bacteria, / such as yogurt, gimchi, and natto], or choosing a diet [packed with good, fresh nutrients, / such as garlic, onions, and unprocessed grains rich in fiber], we can cultivate good microbes. …을 고려하여(= Considering) = next Keep + O + O.C(형용사) :~하게 유지하다. 「one of + 복수명사」 → 단수취급 다른 무엇이든 ~함으로써 S.관.대 병렬구조(eating, choosing) ~로 꽉 찬(which is 생략) ~이 풍부한

Lesson 01 p.19 Of course, it is also important to protect the germs [that already exist in our bodies] by avoiding processed food. Heavily processed foods / such as frozen food, packaged snacks, and canned food / not only lack beneficial bacteria but also contain chemicals [that damage the good microbes in our guts. 가주어 진주어(보호하는 것) S.관.대 V 상관접속사 not only A but also B(A뿐만 아니라 B도) 병렬구조(lack, contain) S.관.대 V

Lesson 01 p.19 Another way to increase beneficial microbes is to spend more time / in nature. Places / with diverse life forms, / such as woods, beaches, parks, or even small farms and gardens, / are abundant with diverse bacteria [that germ-free urban environments lack]. In addition, we should use antibiotics wisely; we must use them much less frequently. to부정사의 형용사적 용법(~하는) to부정사의 명사적 용법(~하는 것) S V(~이 풍부하다.) 목적격 관.대.(생략 가능) S V =antibiotics 비교급 강조

Lesson 01 p.20 If we can affect microbes and they can affect our bodies, it makes little sense to talk about the two separately. Maybe it is time to stop thinking of microbes and ourselves as different beings. We need to start thinking of the microbes in our guts / as a part of our bodies, / like the blood cells and the neurons, / and take care of them / just as we take care of our skin and our teeth. 가주어 말이 되지 않는다. 진주어(~하는 것) stop+동명사: …하는 것을 그만두다 think of A as B : A를 B로 여기다. 전치사(~처럼) 접속사(…하듯이)