[종합문법 : 제 18 장 ] < 수 & 시제 일치 > < 화법(話法) >

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1 [종합문법 : 제 18 장 ] < 수 & 시제 일치 > < 화법(話法) >
[제18장]수&시제일치&화법 [종합문법 : 제 18 장 ] < 수 & 시제 일치 > < 화법(話法) > [제18장]수&시제일치&화법

2 ◈ 주어와 술어동사 수의 일치 ◈ Ⅰ. A and B ⓐ Tom and Judy ( is, are) good friends.  ⓑ The bread and butter ( is, are) my lunch. ◈ curry and rice, a watch and chain, brandy and water, a needle and thread, trial and error(시행착오): 단수  ⓒ The writer and poet ( is, are) dead. The writer and the poet ( is, are) dead.   ⓓ Each boy and each girl(was, were) given a present. ◈ every,each,no+명사 and every,each,no+명사: 단수  ⓔ Early to bed and early to rise(make, makes) a man ◈ 부정사 and 부정사: 단수 healthy.  ⓕ Playing golf and playing cards ( is, are) his way of ◈ 동명사 and 동명사: 복수 relaxing. 

3     Ⅱ. 주어 B 에 동사 일치 Either you or he (has to, have to) go there.
ⓐ either A or B : A나 B 둘 중 하나 Either you or he (has to, have to) go there. ⓑ neither A nor B : A나 B 어느것도~ 아닌 Neither you or she (was, were) wrong. (참조)=>   either, neither, nothing, no, each, every, anyone 등이 주어로 쓰일 때 : 단수 ex) Either( Neither ) of these hats suits you. Every boy and every girl is singing a song. ⓒ not only A but (also) B = B as well as A : A 뿐만 아니라 B 역시 ~ 이다 Not only you but also he (is, are) interested in music. = He as well as you ( is, are) interested in music.   기타 • Were you or he there? • You or I was there. 표현 • An officer with some soldiers is coming here.

4         Ⅲ. many a+단수명사=> 단수동사 many + 복수명사=> 복수동사
a number of (=many) + 복수명사=> 복수동사 the number of+복수명사=> 단수동사 Many a car ( is, are) is parked here. Many cars ( is, are) parked here. A (great) number of(=many) patients (is, are) dying. The number of patients ( is, are) increasing.     Ⅳ. 단수형 주어=> 복수동사 ⓐ 군집명사: •His family ( is, are) all well. (=The numbers of his family are all well.) (집합명사 ):•His family ( is, are) a small one.(단수)   ⓑ The+형용사:복수 보통명사(사람) • The rich ( is, are) not always happy. = Rich people ( is, are) not always happy.  

5         Ⅴ. 복수형 주어=> 단수동사
ⓐ 단일개념의 단위(시간,거리,금액,중량..)표시 Six months (was, were) too short for the task. (cf) Six months (has, have) passed since he died. Fifty dollars (was, were) paid for the camera.    ⓑ학과명(-ics){politics,ethics,mathematics,economics} 나라명, 병명{measles(홍역), the blues(우울증)} Physics (was, were) my favorites subject. [물리학] The United States (consist, consists) of fifty States.   Ⅵ. 분수, most(대부분), half, of +(단수명사, 물질, the rest(나머지), part, all, 추상명사): 단수 a large part, a lot(=lots) of +(복수명사 ):복수 Half [Part,The rest] of them (was, were) drowned. Half [Part,The rest] of the money(is, are) in the bank. Most of his spare time ( is, are) spent in reading.   

6 (A) < 주 절> < 종 속 절 > He says that she is , (was) happy.
시제 일치 (주절과 종속절의 시제 관계) (A) < 주 절> < 종 속 절 > He says that she is , (was) happy. (has said) will be (will say) has been, (had been) (주절 시제:현재,현•완,미래)=>(모든 시제 가능) (B) I think that he is ill. =>I thought that he was ill. was had been has been had been will be would be (주절) 현재=>과거, (종속절) 현재, 미래=>과거 현•완=>과•완 과거, 현•완=>과거완료 조동사=>과거형

7 He said that the sun rises in the east. (불변진리)
C: 시제일치 예외 ① 불변진리, 속담, 현재의 (습관 or 동작 or 사실) =>현재시제 사용 He said that the sun rises in the east (불변진리) He told me that time is money (속담) He told me that his school begins at 8:00.(사실) He said that he always goes to bed at ten. (습관) ② 역사적 사실 =>과거시제 He said that World War II ended in (역사적) ③ 가정법에서 종속절 시제 불변 He says that he would fly to me if he had wings. => He said that he would fly to me if he had wings. ④특정조동사 불변 (must=ought to=should, had better) I think(=>thought)that he must(=>must) be a Korean. He says(=>said) that we had better work hard.

8 을 그대로 전달 서 내용만 전달 ◈ 화법(話法)과 시제 일치 ◈
⊙He said, “ I am busy.” (직접화법):남이 말한 내용 을 그대로 전달 ⊙He said that he was busy.(간접화법):전달자 입장에 서 내용만 전달 ◈시제 일치◈

9 Ⅰ. 평서문의 화법 전환 ◈< 단계적 변화에 注目 >◈
Ⅰ. 평서문의 화법 전환 ◈< 단계적 변화에 注目 >◈ He said to me , “ I saw this boy yesterday . ” ⓐ ⓑ ⓒ ⓓ ⓔ He told me ⓐ (that) ⓑ he ⓒ had seen ⓓ that boy the day before. ⓔ [방법] ⓐ 전달 동사 변화 :say( said ) → say( said ) say to( said to ) → tell( told ) ⓑ 코머(,)와 인용부호(“ ”)를 없애고 접속사that 사용 ⓒ 피전달문의 인칭 대명사 변화 ⓓ 시제 일치 ⓔ부사,지시대명사(형용사)변화:(장소,시간 변화 때) { ※ now → then ※ today → that day ※ ago → before ※ here → there ※ this → that ※ these → those ※ tomorrow → the next day(the following day) ※ yesterday → the day before(the previous day) ※ last night →the night before ※ tonight→that night}

10 He said to me, “I will come here tomorrow.”
{ 심 화 학 습 } ※ 직접 화법=> 간접 화법 (시간, 장소 변화에 注目) He said to me, “I will come here tomorrow.” (같은 장소, 같은 날) ( 다른 장소, 같은 날) ( 같은 장소, 다음 날) ( 같은 장소, 먼 훗날) ( 다른 장소, 먼 훗날) He told me that he would come here tomorrow. He told me that he would go there tomorrow. He told me that he would come here today. He told me that he would come here the next day. He told me that he would go there the next day.

11 She said to me, “ What are you reading now? ” She asked me then.
2. 의문문의 화법 전환 (1) 의문사 있는 의문문 She said to me, “ What are you reading now? ” She asked me then. what I was reading (2) 의문사 없는 의문문 He said to her, “ Do you really love me?” He said to me,“Can you hear what I am saying?” He asked her him. if(=whether) she really loved He asked me what he was saying. if I could hear [방법] ⓐ 전달 동사 변화 : say(to), said(to) → ask(ed) ⓑ 코머(,)와 인용부호(“ ”)를 없애고 (1)의문사 + S + V (2) if(= whether) + S + V ⓒ 피전달문의 인칭 대명사 변화 ⓓ 시제 일치 ⓔ 시간(장소)부사, 지시대명사 변화

12 He said to me, “ Open the window.”
3. 명령문의 화법 전환 He said to me, “ Open the window.” He said to them, “ Please, be quiet.” He said to me, “ You had better not smoke.” He told (=ordered,asked) me the window. to open He asked them quiet.(※Please, ~ => ~ ask ~ ) to be He advised me ____________ not to smoke. ※ 부정 명령문 The doctor said to me, “Don’t smoke too much.” The doctor advised me too much. not to smoke [방법] ⓐ 전달동사 변화(내용에 따라 변화) tell, ask, advise, order, suggest…+목+ to do ⓑ 코머(,)와 인용부호(“ ”)를 없애고 to 부정사 로 연결(부정 명령문: not+to 부정사로 연결) ⓒ 시간(장소)부사, 지시대명사 변화

13 a. 전달동사:cry(out),exclaim,shout, say.. b. (1) 감탄문 어순 또는 (2) that + 평서문
※ 기타 문장의 화법 전환 1)감탄문: a. 전달동사:cry(out),exclaim,shout, say.. b. (1) 감탄문 어순 또는 (2) that + 평서문 He said, “ How kind she is!” =>(1) =>(2) She said, “ What a pretty toy it is!” He exclaimed how kind she was. He said(exclaimed) that she was very kind. She cried(out) what a pretty toy it was. She said(cried) that it was a very pretty toy. ※감탄사(Hurrah,Bravo,Alas,Gosh,Oh..)있는 감탄문 [방법]:전달동사+부사구(의미에 맞게 사용 )+ that~ 기쁨:[with delight (~ joy, ~ pleasure)] 슬픔:[with a sigh:한숨 쉬며, in sorrow] 후회:[with regret ], 놀람:[with surprise]

14 Tom said, “ Hurrah! I’ve done it.”
=> They said, “ Bravo! Wonderful !” Tom cried with delight that he had done it. They shouted with applause that it was wonderful. 2)기원문: a.피전달문에 God=>pray that God may~ b.사람 대한 소망=> express one’s wish that +주어 + may She said, “God save my son!” => He said, “May God protect us from evil!” He said, “May you succeed!” She prayed that God might save her son. He prayed that God might protect them from evil. He expressed his wish that I might succeed. He expressed his wish for my success.

15 3) 권유, 제안(Let’s ~) a. 전달 동사: suggest, propose +( to+사람)+ that + we (should) + 원형 b. 전달 동사: suggest + ~ ing propose + to do / ~ ing He said to her, “ Let’s go camping.” => He said, “Let’s play baseball. He proposed to her that we (should) go camping. He proposed to go (= going) camping to her. He suggested that we (should) play baseball. He suggested playing baseball. [간접 명령문(Let+목+원형)]=>명령문과 같은 방법 He said,“Let me show you the way.” [제안] => He said,“Let me go and say goodbye to John.”[허가] He offered to show me the way.[~할 것을 제안하다] He asked to be allowed to go and say goodbye to~.

16 4) 중문, 복문 A.중문:① and,but+ that ② for일때for B.복문:단문과 같은 요령 (중-①) She said, “The watch is expensive, and I can’t buy it.” => She said that the watch was expensive, and that she could not buy it. (중-①) He said, “It was raining, but I went there.” => He said that it had been raining, but that he had gone there. (중-②) He said, “I will stay at home, for it is raining.” => He said that he would stay at home, for it was raining. (복)She said to me,“Is there anything I can do for you?” => He said, “I wonder who painted the picture.” She asked me if there was anything she could do for me. He said (that) he wondered who had painted ~.

17 5) 복합 문장 => 각기 다른 전달 동사 와 접속사 사용 하고 and 로 연결
5) 복합 문장 => 각기 다른 전달 동사 와 접속사 사용 하고 and 로 연결 [제18장]수&시제일치&화법 ◈ (평서문: told ~ that ) and (의문문: asked ~ if ) He said to me, “You look pale. Are you sick? ” => He told me that I looked pale and asked me if I was sick. ◈ (명령문: told~to do ) and (의문문: asked ~ if ) He said to me, “Listen! Can you hear someone talking? ” => He told me to listen, and asked me if I could hear someone talking. ◈ (명령: told[asked] ~ to do ) and (평서: said ~that ) Mother said, “Please be quiet, boys. The baby has gone to sleep.” => Mother asked the boys to be quiet, and said that the baby had gone to sleep. [제18장]수&시제일치&화법

18 [a] 명령문 and[or]를 평서문 형식으로 [b] 명령문 and[or]를 if절로 고친 후 평서문 식으로
◈ (명령문 + and[or]=> and [or]를 그대로 사용 ) [a] 명령문 and[or]를 평서문 형식으로 [b] 명령문 and[or]를 if절로 고친 후 평서문 식으로 ※He said to me,“Hurry up, and you will be in time.” [a] 명령문 + and + 평서문 형식으로 => He told me to hurry up and I should be in time. [b] 명령문 + and를=> if절로 고친 후 평서문 형식 ※ He said to me, “If you hurry up, you will be ~ .” => He told me that if I hurry up I should be in time. ◈ (감탄문+ 평서문=>문장의 환경에 따라서 표현) She said, “Oh, how wonderful! I’d simply love to go with you.” => She exclaimed with delight that she would simply love to go with me.

19 6) 묘출(描出)화법=>(소설 등에서 등장인물의 생각, 심리 등의 생생한 표현법):직접, 간접의 중간 형태
(a)어순=>직접화법 형식 (b)인칭,시제=>간접화법 He said to me, “Will you go to the movies?” (간접화법): He asked me if I would go to the movies. (묘출화법): He said, “ Is that enough?” (간접화법): He asked if that was enough. He asked me would I go to the movies. He asked was that enough. ◈ 기타 묘출 화법 예문 ◈ I was wondering could she be our new teacher. [I was wondering.+“Can she be our new teacher?”] Tom put his flat and final question would he marry her, then and there.(노골적이며 결정적인 질문을 했다) [Tom~ question.+“Will I marry her, now and here?”]

20 7) 생략문(관용적 표현으로 많이 쓰임 ) He said, “Yes.” => He answered in the affirmative. (긍정적으로) He said, “No.” => He answered in the negative. (부정적으로) He said to me, “Hello!” => He greeted me. He said to me, “Good-bye.” => He bade me good-bye. [bid-bade-bade:(인사) 말하다] He said to her, “Thank you.” => He thanked her. He said to me, “Congratulation!” => He congratulated me. He said, “Help me! Help! Quick!” => He asked(cried) loudly and urgently for help.