Ch02. Present and Past, Simple and Progressive

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1 Ch02. Present and Past, Simple and Progressive
Understanding and Using English Grammar Ch02. Present and Past, Simple and Progressive 정샘 영어 Academy

2 Context Present Progressive
Simple Present Present Progressive Stative Verbs that cannot be used in progressive tenses Am/ is / are being + adjective Frequency Adverbs Using ‘Always’ with the Progressive verbs to complain Using Expressions of place with progressive tenses Simple Past Past Progressive Troublesome verbs

3 1. Simple Present Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen. //진리
The world is round //진리 단순현재형: 1) 과거에도 true이고 현 재에도 true이고 미래에 도 true인경우: 주로 과학 적인 사실 2) habitual/usual activity - always, every, usually 와 함께 - now는 현재 또는 현재 진행 둘 다 가능 3) 사실(fact)에 대한 서술 Anna takes shower everyday // habitual I usually read the newspaper in the morning. // habitual He always eats a sandwich for lunch. // habitual It snows in Alaska. // fact Babies cry. Birds fly. // fact My class begins at nine. // fact It doesn’t snow in Bangkok. // fact She needs a pen now. She is reading a book now. simple Present now past future

4 The Present Progressive
Anna is sleeping right now. I am reading my grammar book right now. I need an umbrella because it is raining now. Anna and Jim are talking on the phone now. 현재진행형: be + ing 1) 과거에서부터 시작되어 현재진 행중인, 그리고 미래의 어느 시점 에 끝날 예정인 행위에 대해 서술 - now , right now와 결합 2) 어떤 사건이나 행위가 speaker 가 말하는 시점에 진행중일경우 3) 어떤것이 이번학기, 이번주, 이 번달, 올해에 진행중일 경우 (This semester, this month, this week, this year,…): 이 경우 진행 의 의미가 아니라general activity 를 의미 today는 여러시제와 결합가능. 즉 의미상으로 시제파악 - now의 의미일 경우 현재진행 - 기간을 의미할 경우 현재완료 - 과거을 의미하는 부사구/동사와 결합시 과거완료 - 과거진행 현재진행수동형: being + PP I am taking five courses this semester. She is writing another book this year. // 주의: today는 여러시제 가능 The sun is shining today. She usually sit in the front row during class, but today she is sitting in the last row. Have you eaten something today? What had you done by the time you got to class today? What were you doing before Jim walked into the classroom today? It isn’t snowing right now. Is Jim sleeping now? The Present Progressive now start Finish? in progress

5 3. Non-Action Verbs I know Ms. Anna.
I am knowing Ms. Anna. (X) // 상태동사는 진행형 불가 I am hungry. I want a sandwich. I am wanting a sandwich. (X) // 상태동사는 진행형 불가 This book belongs to Anna. This book is belonging to Anna. (X) // 상태동사는 진행형 불가 동사중 어떤 종류는 진 행형으로 쓸 수 없다. 이러한 동사들을 일반 적으로 Non-action verb또는 상태동사 (stative verb: describes state or condition) 라고 함. I think he is a nice person. // believe의 개념일때는 상태 I am thinking about the grammar. // 지금 이순간 생각중이다 (activity) Anna has a car // 소유의 개념은 상태 Anna is having a good time. // spend의 의미일때 activity 상태동사가 진형형으 로 쓰일경우 그 의미가 상태가 아닌 activity 를 의미하게된다. // 상태동사가 동작이나 기간의 의미로 쓰일 때는 진행을 쓸 수 있다. He resembles his father. (상태) He is resembling his father gradually. (진행: 서서히 닮아가고 있는 중이다(닮아 간다)) 예외적으로 상태동사 를 진행형을 사용하는 경우 The bus stopped. (완료: 이미 멈췄다) The bus is stopping now. (진행: 서서히 멈추고 있는 중이다) know, believe, imagine, want, realize, feel, doubt, need, suppose, prefer, understand, ㅅ think*, forget, mean, recognize Mental State love, hate, fear, mind, Like, dislike, envy, care, appreciate Emotional State Posses, have*, own, belong Possession hear , taste*, see*, smell*, feel*, look* Sense perception seem, cost, be*, consist of, owe, exist, contain, appear*, weight*, 기타

6 4. Am/ is/ are/ being + Adjectives
Anna is a beautiful lady. Alex is nervous about the exam. Jim is tall and handsome. Be + 형용사는 stative의미를 가 짐. Jack doesn’t feel well, but he refuses to see a doctor. He is being foolish. //(순간적으로)어리석다.(어리석게 행동하는 중) He is foolish. // 그의 본성이 어리석다. Be + being 형용사는 temporary, in progress behavior를 의미. He is being old. (X) He is old. // He is getting old. Age는 temporary behavior를 의 미하지 못한다. Bad, good, loud, responsible Careful, illogical, nice, rude, Cruel, impolite, noisy, serious, Fair, patient, silly, irresponsible, Foolish, kind, pleasant, unfair, Funny, lazy, polite, unkind, Generous, logical, quiet, unpleasant

7 5. Frequency Adverbs // 평서문
Anna always gets up at 5:30 A.M. // 주어와 동사 사이 Tom is always on time // be동사 다음 I sometimes get up at 6:30. // 문중(주어와 동사 사이) Sometimes I get up at 6:30. // 문두 I get up at 6:30 sometimes. // 문미 (빈도)부사의 위치: 1) 평서문에서는 일반적 으로 - 주어와 일반동사 중간 - 조동사,be동사 다음 - don’t/doesn’t/isn’t 앞 2) 의문문에서는 항상 주 어 다음에 곧바로 3) 부정문에서는 일반적 으로 부정동사 앞에 주의: Always는 부정 문에서 항상 부정조동사 다음에 위치 // 의문문 Do you always eat breakfast? // 주어 다음에 곧바로 // 부정문 Anna usually doesn’t eat breakfast. //주로 부정동사 앞에 Anna doesn’t always eat breakfast. //always는 항상 부정 동사 다음에 Anna never eats meat. (O) Anna doesn’t never eat meat. (X) //이중부정 중요: 부정형 빈도부사는 부정형 조동사와 같이 쓰이지 않는다. Do you ever take the bus to work? // 의문문:한번이라도  Yes, I do. I often take the bus. I don’t ever walk to work. //부정문: 한번도 Her debt grew ever larger. // 평서문: 끊임없이, 계속해서 // 긍정문에서는 ‘항상’ 이라는 의미일떄 ever대신 always 사용 I ever walk to work. (X) //평서문이기 때문에  I always walk to work. (O) Ever는 의문문과 부정문에서 주로 사용. = at any time, 늘, 언젠가, 기왕에, 도대체 -평서문: 늘, 계속해서 -부정문: 한번도 -의문사의문문: 도대체 -Yes/No의문문: 한번이라도 -완료의문문: 한번이라도 100% Always(=ever) Almost always Usually Often Frequently  Generally  Sometimes  Occasionally  긍정적 (positive) Seldom Rarely Hardly ever Almost never Never(= not ever) 부정적 (negative) 0% 는 문장의 첫번째에 올수 있는 부사

8 6. Using ‘Always’ with the Progressive verbs to complain
Tom is always leaving her dirty socks on the floor for me to pick up. I am always/forever/constantly picking up his dirty socks. He is always messing up the kitchen! Always를 불평(화내는)하는 상황에서 진행형을 사용

9 7. Using Expressions of place with progressive tenses
Anna is studying in her room. Anna is in her room studying. 장소를 나타내는 전치사구가 가끔 be 동 사와 ing 사이에 올 수 있다. Jim was reading a book in his bed. Jim was in his bed reading a book. Jim was reading in his bed a book. (X)

10 8. Simple Past Simple Past Anna walked to school yesterday.
Jim lived in London for 10 years, but now he lives in Seoul. I bought a new car 3 days ago. I slept for eight hours last night. 단순과거형: 과거에 특정 시점에 발생 해서 과거에 종 료된 행위나 상황을 표현 - 문장내에 과거를 의미하는 부사, 전치사구, 부사절이 존재 : yesterday, last ~, ~ ago, in 2005, … // When절은 의미상 주절보다 먼저 발생하나 과거완료를 쓰지않고 과거 형 사용 Anna stood under a tree when it began to rain. When Mrs. Kim heard a strange noise, she got up to investigate. Where were you at five o’clock this morning? His plane will arrive this morning. What are you going to do this afternoon? //현재진행으로 미래 What have you done since you got up this morning? Today, this morning, this afternoon, this evening, this weekend 같 은 시간의 부사구는 문맥의 의미상 현재/현재완료/과거/ 미래 판단 Never did I see him before. //결코 전에 나는 그를 본 적이 없다 = I never saw him before. Never (Little) did + 주어 + 원형 ~ = 주어 + never + 과거 ~ : 결코 ~한 적이 없다 Simple Past now Past Future

11 9. Past Progressive I was walking down the street when it began to rain. While I was waling down the street, it began to rain. At seven o’clock last night, I was studying. Last year at this time, I was attending school. 과거진행형: was/were + ing 1) 과거의 어떤 특정시점에 진 행중인 또는 2) 과거의 다른 행위의 시점에 서 진행중인 행위에 대해 서술 - 따라서 주로 시간부사절(구) 와 결합 I sat down at the dinner table at 6:00 P.M. yesterday. Tom came to my house at 6:10 P.M. I was eating dinner when Tom came. I went to bed at 10:00. The phone rang at 11:00. I was sleeping when the phone rang. When the phone rang, I was sleeping. //when = at that time The phone rang while I was sleeping. //while = during that time when vs. while - When+ 과거, 과거/과진 - While+ 과거진행, 과거/과진 When the phone rang, I answered it. When the phone rang, I was studying. 과거 vs. 과거진행 - 의미상 When절이 먼저발생 하면 주절은 과거 - 의미상 When절이 나중에 발 생한 경우, 주절은 과거진행 It rained this morning. It was raining this morning. 과거형과 과거진행형이 거의 같은 의미로 사용된 경우 now start Finish? 1 2 2 1

12 10. Troublesome Verbs Raise, raised, raised// ~ 을 들어올리다, 높이다(향상 시키다), 키우다, Anna raised his hand. After studying very hard, Anna raised her grade substantially. The farmer raises chickens for a living. Rise, rose, risen, rising // 떠오르다,일어나다, (가격)오 르다 The sun rises in the east. The oil price has risen since 2006. When oil and water mix, the oil raises to the top. Lay, laid, laid, laying // ~ 을 두다, 놓다 I am laying the book on the desk. Don’t lay your clothes on the bed. The nurse laid the baby in the crib. Lie, lay, lain, lying // 눕다, 누어 있다, 위치하다 He is lying on his bed. The university lies in the western section of the town. Anna lay on the beach sunbathing yesterday. Lie, lied, lied, lying // 거 짓말하다 He lied to me.