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ABGA & Electrolytes Urinalysis

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Presentation on theme: "ABGA & Electrolytes Urinalysis"— Presentation transcript:

1 ABGA & Electrolytes Urinalysis
진단검사의학과 강 소 영

2 ABGA (Arterial Blood Gas Analysis)
: 동맥혈의 pH, pCO2, PO2를 측정 (bicarbonate : 계산값 by Henderson-Hasselbalch eq.) 체내 산염기상태 파악 완충계, 호흡계, 신장의 산염기 조절능력 평가 체내 산소 공급상태 평가

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4 검체 : arterial whole blood Sampling & Handling
ABGA 검체 : arterial whole blood Sampling & Handling Which artery ? : radial a. – Allen’s test (femoral, dorsalis pedis, brachial) 2. Heparin : Liquid – dilutional effect Powder – Mixing, Interference (Na & K) 3. Air bubbles : pO2 ↑ & pCO2 ↓ 4. Transport : 즉시 (대사시간 최소화) : 검사 지연 -> pO2 ↓ & pCO2 ↑

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6 Heparin interference ABGA * By CLSI guidelines
: Use modified heparin preparations      1) balanced heparin titrated with Ca or other ions 2) Na or Li heparin less than 10 IU/mL * 2 mL syringe : dead space mL IU IU/mL of blood

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8 Na & K Critical value Na, K : critical analytes for management of pts in acute water balance & acid base distress immediate notification when, Na <125 & >155 mmol/L K <3.0 & >6.0 mmol/L >7.5 mmol/L (newborn, 0-3 days)

9 Principle of analysis - ISE
ABGA & Electrolytes Principle of analysis - ISE Ion Selective Electrode : 특정 이온만을 투과시키는 막에 의해 형성되는 전위차를 이용하여 이온 농도를 측정

10 Principle of analysis - ISE
* Na-selective glass electrode

11 Specimen Na & K 혈청, 헤파린 혈장, 헤파린 전혈, 소변 및 체액
Na heparin : unacceptable unless complete filling -> Li heparin 사용 권장 ammonium heparin : unacceptable (K : false ↑ in ISE & chromogenic method) K : 혈청 > 혈장 (평균 mmol/L) 3시간 이내 cell 분리 - 세포 대사와 pH 변화 -> 이온 농도에 변화 초래 보관 : 혈청 or 혈장 - 냉장 1주일, 냉동 1년 안정 소변 - 실온 1주, 냉동 무기한

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13 Interferences Na & K 용혈 : K 위증가 (적혈구내 K 방출) Na 위감소 (세포내 물질에 의한 희석)
고지혈증 & 고단백혈증 - ISE 발색법 : K - Hb, TG, bilirubin, ammonium Na - heparin

14 Methods in Korea Electrolytes : Na, K 검사방법 2003 2004 Flame photometry
1.1% 0.9% ISE, Diluted (Indirect) 36.1% 40.6% ISE, Undiluted (Direct) 61.8% 56.8% Colorimetry 0.0% Other

15 Electrolyte exclusion effect
Electrolytes Electrolyte exclusion effect could be ignored d/t constant water fraction (단백과 지질 7%, 혈장 93%) 93 : 145 = 100 : χ χ = 145 * (100/93)= 156 : 참값에 비해 negative bias 유발 Problematic false decrease when, hyperproteinemia, hyperlipemia 특히 indirect (diluted) 법에서 Pseudohyponatremia

16 Clinical Significance
Cl : change in a variety of electrolyte disturbances often paralleling changes in Na conc. - ↑ : dehydration - ↓ : overhydration, 울혈성심부전, Addison’s dis.,.. after gastric suction, vomiting, diarrhea

17 Principle of analysis Cl ISE
Cl-selective sensing element : Ag/AgCl or AgSO4 Coulometric-Amperometry (참고방법) Ag+ + Cl > AgCl ↓ Generation of Ag+ from Ag electrode at a constant rate -> Formation of insoluble AgCl -> Consumption of all Cl- -> Excess Ag+ : shutdown of Ag+ generation -> elapsed time b/w start & stop of Ag+ genertion (time interval is proportional to Cl- amount)

18 Specimen Cl 혈청, 헤파린 혈장, 소변 및 체액 즉각적인 cell 분리
보관 : 혈청, 혈장, 소변 및 체액 - 실온, 냉장, 냉동 1주일 땀 : cystic fibrosis 진단에 이용 - pilocarpine -> 피부 땀샘의 발한 촉진 후 땀을 채취 - 이중채취 - 발한속도 - 속도가 낮을 경우 unreliable 1 g/m2/min 이상 - 2-3주 미만의 신생아 : high con. Avoid!

19 Urinalysis 소변검사 : Urinalysis + Urine sediment test Urinalysis : dipstick test or reagent strip test

20 Test 항목 Urinalysis Leukocytes : leukocyte esterase Urobilinogen
Occult blood : Heme compounds (Hb, Mb) Bilirubin Ketone Glucose Protein : ± 15 mg/dL (NL < mg/dL) Nitrite : nitrate 분해성 세균 감염 pH Specific gravity

21 요침사검사 (Urine sediment test)

22 자동요침사분석기 : 유세포분석법 : 영상분석법


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