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독성학 일반 (General Subjects in Toxicology)

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Presentation on theme: "독성학 일반 (General Subjects in Toxicology)"— Presentation transcript:

1 독성학 일반 (General Subjects in Toxicology)
신선식품안전성 독성학 일반 (General Subjects in Toxicology)

2 Definition of Toxicology and Toxicity
Paracelsus’ basic concepts of toxicology: "All things are poison and nothing is without poison; only the dose makes a thing not a poison." - "The dose makes the poison“ 화학물질 또는 물리적인 성질을 가진 물질이 생명 체에 미치는 유해효과(adverse effect)를 연구하는 학문

3 Branches of Toxicology
Class of toxicants: Chemical/Biological Which organism?: Animal/Microbial/Plant Where the organism lives?: Aquatic/Terrestrial toxicology Environmental or not: Ecotoxicology/Environmental toxicology, Purpose: Forensic toxicology/Medical /occupational toxicology.

4 How things become bad? Toxicity of toxicants depend on toxicants, organism, and environment Toxic ORGANISM TOXICANT ENVIRONMENT

5 Case studies of toxicity of chemicals 1. Chemicals and environment
Common drugs vs triazole fungicides Ketoconazole Zolpidem

6 Liver as primary sources of detoxification: Rich in CYP content
Ketoconazole: Strong inhibitors of specific type of CYP - Mostly acting on fungal CYP but with some reactivity with human CYPs Zolpidem: Powerful hypnotics Imagine !: Ketoconazole + Zolpidem

7 Case studies of toxicity of chemicals 2. Chemicals and Organisms

8 Toxicity of pyrethrins are highly dependent on phylogenic taxa!
LD50/LC50 of pyrethrins on different organisms Rat >500 mg/kg (oral), >4000 mg/kg (dermal) Bee 1 mg/kg Mosquito 0.1 mg/kg Fish mg/L Why? Because of the difference in body temperature!

9 1.Non-covalent bonding:
2.Weak interaction: 3.Highly dependent on Temperature!

10 Terminology in Toxicology
Chemicals and Organisms (Toxic) 독성제제(toxic agent): 유해한 생물학적 작용(adverse biological effect)을 일으킬 수 있는 물질/생물/물리학적 현상 독성물질(toxic substance)/독성화학물질(toxic chemical): 유기 /무기, 전신/장기 KCN (전신)/benzene (혈액생성 장기) 독성 유기체: 생물체로 독소분비 등의 경로로 독성을 나타내는 것 독소(toxin): 생물체에 의해 생산된 특정 단백질(버섯독소 또는 파 상풍독소) 대부분 즉각적인 작용을 보임

11 Terminology in Toxicology
용량(dose)/용량반응 (dose-response) 용량(Dose): 한 번에 투여하는 물질의 량으로 정의 노출량 : 환경 중 측정되어지는 생체이물의 양 흡수량: 체내로 들어오는 실질적인 노출량 투여량: 대개는 구강 또는 주사로 투여되는 양 총 량: 모든 개별 용량에 대한 합계 Units (단위) Material based: g/kg; g/L; mg/kg, mg/L, ppm, ppb, ppt………… Kinetic parameter included: mg/kg/day……..

12 Terminology in Toxicology

13 Terminology in Toxicology
역치 (threshold level): 낮은 용량에서는 독성이 없다 가 처음 독성을 보이는 지점 독성작용에 대한 역치는 생체가 생체이물을 해독하거나 독성손상에 대한 회복능력을 넘어서는 지점에서 발생 Toxic dose (TD): 특정 수준의 독성을 나타내는 화 합물의 농도 Ex: TD10, TD20, ..TD50.., LD50, LD90, ED50…

14 Terminology in Toxicology
Tricky things in acute toxicity values! DDT is 30 times more safe than parathion ?

15 How toxic is toxic enough to be called toxic?

16 Terminology in Toxicology
무해용량(NOAEL, No Observed Adverse Effect Level) -독성이나 유해효과가 관찰되지 않은 최고자료값(지점) 최소유해용량(LOAEL, Low Observed Adverse Effect Level) -독성이나 유해효과가 관찰된 최저자료값(지점) 무영향량(No Observed Effect Level, NOEL) 최소영향량(Low Observed Effect Level, LOEL)

17 Terminology in Toxicology
Safety margin (안전역): ED99/LD99 기준 1/100- 1/1000의 농도/양으로 화합물의 독성 평가기준 중의 하 나


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