Ch03. Perfect and Perfect Progressive Tenses

Presentation on theme: "Ch03. Perfect and Perfect Progressive Tenses"— Presentation transcript:

1 Ch03. Perfect and Perfect Progressive Tenses
Understanding and Using English Grammar Ch03. Perfect and Perfect Progressive Tenses 정샘 영어 Academy

2 Context Present Perfect
Tense with Time Expressing Prepositions: During, For, In Present Perfect with already, yet, and still Present Perfect Progressive Past Perfect Past Perfect Progressive

3 1. Present Perfect Anna has just gone to sleep. // 과거의 불명확한 시간에 발생한 경우
Have you ever visited Mexico? I have never seen snow. I have already seen that movie. Jack hasn’t seen it yet. // 과거 vs. 현재완료 비교 They have moved into a new apartment // 불명확하한 시점 They moved into a new apartment last month. // 명확한 시점 현재완료형: have/has + 동사의 PP형 현재완료의 의미 1) 어떤 행위/사건이 과거의 불명확 한 시점에서 발생해서 완료된 경우 (한번 또는 여러번) 주의: 구체적인 시간이 표현될 경 우 완료사용 불가. 과거시제만 가 능 반복행위시 times, so far, for, since, up to now등의 시간의 부사 구(절) 사용 기간표시 부사구(절): so far, for, since, up to now Since가 이끄는 절은 과거형 I have got a problem. // have got은 완료형이 아님 We have had four tests so far this semester. I have flown on an airplane many times. I have built the house for the last 3 months. I have met many people since I came here in June. I saw that movie 3 times yesterday. (O) I have seen that movie 3 times yesterday. (X) // 구체적 시점이라 I have been here since seven o’clock. // since + 구 I have liked cowboy movies ever since I was a child. // since 절 I have lived in Busan for 3 years. (O) // 현재 부산에 살고있음 I lived in Busan for 3 years. (O) // 현재 부산에 살고있지않음 2) 어떤 사건/행위/상태가 과거의 어는 불명확 시점에서 시작되어 현 재까지 지속된 경우 since + 구, 절 for + 시간의 명사구 now start now start now start

4 2. Tense with Time Expressing Prepositions
over a week (X), over the week (O), over past few years, over Christmas, during a week (X), during the week (O) // over, during + 비 숫자표현 for a week (O), for the week (X) // for + 숫자표현과 함께 over, during vs. for - 의미: ~동안 Over와 During은 특정 기간이나 그 기간의 어떤 시점을 나타낼 경우에만 쓰며 보통 정관사나 지시대명사가 이끄는 어구와 함께 For는 구체적인 숫자표현만 가능 My son has grown a lot over the summer. // for the summer (X) My father has been in hospital during the summer. My father has been in hospital for six weeks. // during six weeks (X) It rained during the night for two or three hours. I'll call in and see you for a few minutes during the afternoon. // for the afternoon (X) // 특정 기간을 의미하면 during / in 둘 다 가능 We'll be on holiday during/in August. I woke up during/in the night. during vs. in - 둘 다 특정 기간을 의미하면 (기간 내에 무슨 일이 발생한 경우) 사용가능 - 기간 전체을 의미하는 whole 등이 나오면 during만 가능 기간이 아니라 경험, 이벤트, 활동 등을 이야기 할 때 during만 사용 가능 - In이 부정문에서 사용될 경 우 for 와 같이 up to present 의 의미로 완료시제와 결합 // 기간 전체를 의미하면 during만 가능(whole 때문에) The shop's closed during the whole of August. //in the whole of August (X) // event, activity, experience를 언급할 경우는 during만 가능 He had some strange experiences during his military service. // in his ~ (X) I'll try to call you during the meeting // in the meeting (X) I met them during my stay in China. I haven’t seen Jim in a year. // 완료부정문은 in전사치구와 결합 I haven’t seen Jim in ages.

5 3. Present Perfect with Yet/Already/Still
We have already written our reports. Anna has already read the book. already는 완료긍정문에: - have/has + already + PP yet: 부정문: 아직 ~ 않다 긍정문: 여전히(=still) - 의문문: 벌써 - have/has + not + PP + yet // 부정문: 아직 ~ 않다 We haven’t written our report yet. The CEO hasn’t decided what to do yet. //긍정문: 아직, 아직도 (= still) He is yet alive. = He is still alive. 그는 아직도 살아 있다 He has yet much to do. 그는 아직도 할 일이 많다 //의문문: 벌써(= already), 지금, 이제 Have you finished with the paper yet? 이제 신문을 다 읽었습니까? = Have you finished with the paper already? (놀라면서) 벌써 신문을 다 읽었습니까? Is it raining yet? 지금 비가 오고 있습니까? = Is it still raining? 아직도 비가 오고 있습니까? Jim has yet to learn the chapter. = Jim hasn’t learned the chapter. We have yet to decide what to do with the money. = We haven’t decided what to do 주의: yet이 긍정문에서 to부 정사와 함께 쓰이면 부정의 의미: 아직 ~하지 않았다 - has/have + yet + to부정사 // 주의: still은 의미에 따라 완료형인지 현재형인지 구분 We still haven't solved the main problem. // 아직 I still don't understand the contract. Can you take me through it again? //여전히 He still suffers considerable discomfort from his injury. //아직도 still: 여전히, 아직도

6 3. Present Perfect Progressive
Right now I am sitting at my desk. (a) I have been sitting here since seven o’clock. (b) I have been sitting here for two hours. (c) You have been studying for five straight hours. Why don’t you take a break? (d) It has been raining all day. It is still raining right now. 현재완료1: have/has + been + 동사의 ing 형 어떤 행위/사건/상태가 과거 의 어느 불명확한 시점에서 시작되어 현재까지 지속된 경 우, 그 기간을 강조하기 위해 현재완료진행은 for, since, all day, all morning, all week 등의 표현과 결합 동사가 stative 인 경우 진 해형을 쓸 수 없음. 이 경우 현재 완료를 사용해야 함. (e) I have known Alex since he was a child. (f) I have been knowing Alex since he was a child. (X) //stative verb I have been thinking about changing my major. All students have been studying hard. Final exams start next week. My back hurts, so I have been sleeping on the floor lately. The bad is too soft. 현재완료진행이 어떤 시간 을 암시하는 단어가 없이 사 용되는 경우, 최근에 진행중 인 일반적인 행위/사건에 대 해 묘사 lately, recently의 단어와 결합 I have lived here since 1980. I have been living here since 1980. He has worked at the same store for ten years. He has been working at the same store for ten years. live, work, teach등의 동 사는 현재완료/현재완료진행 에서 for나 since와 결합시 의미상의 차이가 거의 없음. now start now start (recently)

7 4. Past Perfect now Sam had already eaten the dinner by the time I got home. The girl simply worked in. Someone had forgotten to lock the door. Until yesterday, I had never heard about it. I had hoped to know about English grammar before the exam. 과거완료형: had + PP 과거완료의 용법: 과거의 어느 한 행위/사건이 과거의 다른 행위/ 사건 이전에 발생했거나 발생하기 를 원했던 경우  따라서 과거완료는 과거의 특 정시점을 알려주는 접속사나 부 사와 함께 사용: - 접속사: by the time, when, until, after, before - 부사: already when절은 의미상 주절보다 먼 저발생한일지만 과거형 사용가능 Before, after 절을 쓸경우, 과 거완료대신 단순 과거 사용가능. 전후 관계가 분명하기 때문 주의: during과 for는 기간 (duration)의 의미지만, 과거 및 완료시제 모두 가능 Sam had already left when Anna got there. Sam had already left before Anna got there. (O) // 과거완료 Sam already left before Anna got there. (O) // 과거 After the guests had left, I went bed. (O) After the guests left, I went bed. (O) Wages have fallen by more than twenty percent during the past two months. American business in Britain during the 1950s grew much faster than British business.

8 5. Past Perfect Progressive
The police had been looking for the criminal for two years before they caught him. Tom finally came at six o’clock. I had been waiting for him since two-thirty. 과거완료진행형: had been + ing형 과거완료의 용법: 과거의 어느 한 행위/사건이 과거의 다 른 행위/사건 이전에 진행된 경우, 그 기 간을 강조하기 위해 (emphasizes the duration of an activity that was in progress before another activity or time in the past.) 따라서 과거완료진행은 시간의 경과 를 알려주는 부사구/절과, 과거의 시점 을 알려주는 부사구 나 절과 함께 사용 for , since before, after가 이끄는 시간부사절 When Judy got home, her hair was still wet because she had been swimming. I went to Jane’s house after the funeral. Her eyes were red because she had been crying. 과거완료의 용법2: 과거의 어느 한 행위/사건이 과거의 다른 행위/사건/상태의 매우 가까운 시간에 진행된 경우 now start