Appendix I. 병치, 도치 & 어순 (Parallel, Inversion & Word Order) Understanding and Using English Grammar Appendix I. 병치, 도치 & 어순 (Parallel, Inversion & Word Order) 정샘 영어 Academy

Context 도치 1. 보조동사 do/does를 사용하는 도치 Inversion with Adverbs and Adverb Phrases Inversion with Negative Adverbs 2. 보조동사 do/does를 사용하지 않는 도치 전치사구 사용시 (Inversion with Prepositional Phrases) 가주어 사용시 (Inversion in Preparatory Subjects) 조동사 사용시 (Inversion with Auxiliary) 의문문에서 (Inversion in Question Sentences) 인용문 보고문에서(Inversion in Conditional and Reporting Sentences) 목적어가 문두에 오는 도치 (Inversions with Objects) 보어가 문두에 오는 도치(Inversion with Subject Complements) 어순 1. 부사,형용사,관사의 어순 2. 동사의 어순 3. How come문장의 어순 병치

I. 도치: 보조동사 do/does를 사용하는도치: with Adverb & Adverb Phrases Only가 문두 로 오는경우 You can learn only by asking questions.  Only by asking questions can you learn. // 조동사가 오면 do 사용안함 조동사/be동사 + 부정 형 빈도부사일경우 주어 가 조동사 다음에 옴 일반동사 + 부정형빈도 부사가 도치될 경우 조동 사 do가 추가 Law made Labor Day a legal holiday only in Washington.  Only in Washington did the Law make Labor day a legal holiday. We go on a picnic only if it stops raining.  Only if it stops raining do we go on a picnic. Only then did I understand what she meant. Only after her death was I able to appreciate her. // be동사이면 do사용안함 // 참고: Only 가 문두에 오더라도, comma 다음의 문장은 도치 안됨. Only at the Wild Park, people can see emus. So가 문두에 오는 경우 Anna is hungry and I am hungry too.  Anna is hungry, so am I. I love you.  So do I. // 도치시: 나도 그래 I love Jim  So you do. // 비도치시: 응 넌 정말 그래 긍정형에서는 So, 부정 형에서는 Neither가 사 용 She looked so ridiculous that everyone burst out laughing.  So ridiculous did she look that everyone burst out laughing. So +형 +조동사+ S+V: 일반동사 look이 사용되 엇기에 도치시 조동사 do 사용. Be동사이면 do사 용안함 Hair styling in Assyria was so important.  So important was hair styling in Assyria. He spoke so quietly that I could hardly understand her. = So quietly did she speak, that I could hardly understand her. So +부사+조동사+S+V: 순서부사가 문두에 The Persians had come first and then the Muslim Arabs.  First had come the Persians and then the Muslim Arabs. 순서부사가 문장내에 나 열될 경우 Well, Especially 가 문두에 I well remember what you said to me.  Well do I remember what you said to me.

I. 도치: 보조동사 do/does를 사용하는 도치: with Negative Adverbs He was never silly.  Never was he silly. 부정형빈도부사 - be+부정형빈도부사 - 조동사/be동사 + 부정형 빈도부사일경우 주어가 조동사 다음에 옴 일반동사 + 부정형빈도 부사가 도치될 경우 조동 사 do가 추가 We have never seen her sing a song.  Never have we seen her sing a song. I rarely see such polite children.  Rarely do I see such polite children. Hardly had I arrived when trouble started. (BrE) Seldom have I seen such a remarkable creature. Little did he realize the danger he faced. Never ... was so much owed by so many to so few. (Churchill) Not only did we lose our money, but we were nearly killed. Not a single word did he say. hardly, seldom, rarely, little, never, only, not 이 문두에 오는 경우

I. 도치: 보조동사 do/does를 사용하는 도치: with Negative Adverbs (cont.) Not Until Until the 19th century the construction of higher buildings did not become possible.  Not until the 19th century did the construction of higher buildings become possible. Not Until은 Not until절이 아닌 주절에 서 도치가 일어남 Until he received her letter, he did not fully understand her feelings.  Not until he received her letter did he fully understand her feelings. It was not until I went on a foreign country that I know it was inconvenient not to speak English. // Not until를 강조한 It ~ that 강조구문 Not until I went on a foreign country did I know it was very inconvenient not to speak English. // 도치된 Not until No Sooner ~ than No sooner had they seen the police, than they ran away. = As soon as they saw the police, they ran away. = Hardly had they seen the police, than (or when) they ran away. Hardly ~when (than) = as soon as No sooner, Hardly 절 은 주로 과거완료 No sooner will he arrive, than he will want to live. No sooner had she entered the building, than she felt the presence of somebody else. Nor, neither 가 문두에 오는 경우 I don’t like opera.  Neither do I. Nor do I. Anna isn’t studying on Sunday, and Jim isn’t studying on Sunday.  Anna isn’t studying on Sunday, neither is Jim. 긍정형에서는 So, 부 정형에서는 Neither가 사용: I love you.  So do I. Not far Not long Not far from here you can see foxes. Not far from here can you ... (X) Not long after that she got married. Not far와 not long은 도치 안됨. 따라서 do/does 사용안함

I. 도치: 보조동사 do/does를 사용하지 않는 도치: with Prepositional Phrases 전치사구가 문두에 오는 경우 // 전치사구가 문두에 오는 경우 Under a tree was lying one of the biggest men I had ever seen. Under no circumstance can we cash cheques. On the grass sat an enormous frog. Along the road came a strange procession. At no time was the president aware of what was happening. 부사구(전치사구) 가 문두에 오면 주 어와 동사가 도치 // 부사+전치사구 Directly in front of them stood a strange man. And다음에 오는 short adverb 나 adverb particles The door opened and out came Anna’s boyfriend. I stopped the car and up walked a policeman. 기타 as, than(비교급 than) 다음에 선택적 도치 She was very religious, as most of her friends were.  She was very religious, as were most of her friends. My brother spends more time in the library than John does. // 비교급  My brother spends more time in the library than does John. City dwellers have a higher death rate than do country people.

I. 도치: 보조동사 do/does를 사용하지 않는 도치: with Auxiliary and Preparatory Subjects with Auxiliary: May May all your wishes come true! May he rot in hell! May God bless you! 상대방에게 축 원/저주할때 with Preparatory Subjects: Here/ There 가 이끄는 문장 Here comes Anna. Here come your friends. There goes your brother. 주의: Here she comes. // 대명사가 주어면 도치 안됨 Here/There 가 이끄는 문장 은 도치 그러나 대명 사가 주어인경 우 도치가 안일 어남.

I. 도치: 보조동사 do/does를 사용하지 않는 도치: in Question Sentences I have read the book. Have you read the book? The concert is taking place at the front of city hall. Where is the concert taking place? Isn’t it cold? Hasn’t she got blonde hair? 조동사, Have, Be동사는 의문문을 만들때, 주어 앞에 온다 I want to know when he arrived. Indirect speech(명사절) 에서는 도치가 일어나지 않 는다. Indirect speech라도 주 어가 길경우 도치가 될 수 있 다. I wonder how reliable was the information I had been given.

I. 도치: 보조동사 do/does를 사용하지 않는 도치: in Conditional & Reporting Sentences In Conditional sentence If she were my daughter, I would buy her a sport car.  Were she my daughter, I would buy her a sport car. If I had realized what she intended,…  Had I realized what she intended, … 참고: 가정법에서 if가 생략시 도치: were/had/should+ 주어 형태 부정형 문장일 경 우 Not은 주어다음 에 옴. Had we not spent all our money already, ... Hadn't we spent ... (X) / Had we not spent (O) If it had not been for Russian Help, the sultan could have lost his throne.  Had it not been for Russian Help, … In Reporting Sentences ‘What do you mean?’ asked Jim. (Or Jim asked) ‘I love you,’ whispered Jim. ‘What do you mean?’ he asked. 인용문에서 주어 가 주격대명사가 아 닐경우, 주어/동사 가 도치가능. 그러나 주어가 대 명사인 경우 도치가 안일어 남.

I. 도치: 보조동사 do/does를 사용하지 않는 도치: 보어가 문두에 오는 도치(Inversion with Subject Complements) Tom was very happy.   Very happy was Tom.  Those who read books every day are happy. = Happy are those who read books every day. 보어+동사+주어: 주격보 어가 문두에 오는 경우, 주어 동사가 도치됨 The issue of woman’s suffrage was untouched.  Untouched was the issue of woman’s suffrage. The novelist Charles Dickens was writing in English.  Writing in English was the novelist Charles Dickens. The country’s impressive population growth is basic to any understanding of China.  Basic to any understanding of China is the country’s impressive population growth.

I. 도치: 보조동사 do/does를 사용하지 않는 도치: 목적어가 문두에 오는 도치 (Inversions with Objects) He built the wonderful house.  The wonderful house he built. (O)  The wonderful house did he build. (X) //긍정문에선 보조동사 do 사용 안함 목적어 강조하고 싶을 때 - 긍정문: O+S+V - 부정문: Not+O+조동사 +S+V 목적어가 대명사일 경 우에는 긍정이건 부정이 건 도치 안됨 He did not build the house. //부정문  Not the house did he build. (O) //부정문에선 보조동사 do 사용 He built it.  It he built. (X) // 목적어가 대명사인 경우 도치 안됨

II. 어순 It was such an interesting book (that) I couldn’t put it down. (O) It was such cold weather that we stayed home. 부사,형용사,관사의 어순 1. such vs. so 구문의 어순 - such + a + 형 + 단명 - such + 형 + 복명 - 수량형(any, some) + such +무관사+ 명사 - so +형/부사 + that - so + 형 + a + 단명 - so +수량형(many,much) + 명사 + that 주의: such 다음에는 수량 형용사가 올 수 없으며, 반드시 ‘형+명사’가 옴 주의: many, much같은 수량형용사 사용대면 such 대신 so사용 주의: any, some이 오게되면 so가 아 닌 such와 결합. 또한 any와 some이 관사역할을 해서. 어순도 ‘수량형 (any)+such+명사’ I was so hungry (that) I couldn’t wait for my friend. //so+형용사 He walked so quickly that I could not follow him up. //so+부사 It was so interesting a book that he couldn’t put it down. (o) She made so many mistakes that she failed the exam.//so+수량형용사+명사 She has so much money that she can afford anything.//so+수량형용사+명사 The conditions of any such rental contract are a matter to all. // 어떤 계약이든 We were too tired to do any such thing. // 그런일 I have as good a voice as you. = I have a voice as good as you. How good a pianist is he? She is too polite a person to refuse. Those girls are too kind to refuse. (O) They are too kind girls to refuse. (X) I couldn't afford that big a car. (O) = I couldn't afford a car that big. (O) = I couldn't afford that big car. (X) 2. as, how, so, too, this/that +형용사 + a/an + 명사 - 위 구조에서 형용사 다음에 명사가 오는 경우, 반드시 부정관사가 들어가 야 함.

II. 어순 I envy you your great success. (O) // IO + DO I envy you for your great success. (O) // IO + 전 + DO I envy your great success to (for/from/of) you. (X) // DO + 전 + IO (X) It only costs me 4 dollars. (O) // IO + DO 어순만 가능 It only costs me of 4 dollars. (O) // IO + 전 + DO 어순으로 변경 가능 It only costs 4 dollars to(for) me. (X) // DO + 전 + IO (X) 동사의 어순 1. 목적어가 2일때, 항상 IO +(전)+ DO 구조로만 써야하는 동사들 - envy, pardon, forgive + IO+ for       - cost, spare + IO + of         - save + IO + from  They donated the orchard some money. (X) // IO + DO (X) = They donated some money to the orchard. (O) // DO + 전 + IO (O) = They donated to the orchard some money. (O) // 전 + IO + DO (O) 2. 목적어가 2일때, 항상 DO +전+ IO구 조로만 써야하는 동사들 donate, suggest, propose, admit, c onfess, announce, owe, introduce, explain, describe, say, mention, throw, steal, How come he quit the job? (O) // how come + 주 + 동 How come did he quit the job? (X) How come 문장의 어순 - How come이 사용되면 do/does를 사 용하지 않고 - 주어와 동사의 순서가 바뀌지 않음

III. 병치: // 단어병치 명사: His efforts and willingness made the project successful. 동사: The data will be collected and analyzed. 형용사: I enjoyed hot and healthy food while I was in Korea. 부사: The driver was driving recklessly and dangerously. 동명사: Walking and running are easy ways to exercise. To부정사: I need to do study and (to) complete my assignment. 등위접속사 병치: And, or, but, so이 문장 또는 단어를 연결시 같은 자격을 가져야 함. // 구병치 전치사구: Look at the stains marked on the wall and from the ceiling. 병치 구조에서는 같은 자 격을 가진 것들을 연결해야 함. 접속사 다음에 오는 to부 정사의 to는 생략가능 // 절병치 명사절: I want to know whom you met and what you did yesterday. 문장: I love you and you love me.