Ch 07. Nouns (Introduction) Understanding and Using English Grammar Ch 07. Nouns (Introduction) 정샘 영어 Academy

Context 명사(Nouns): Introduction Plural forms of nouns: 규칙형(regular) Plural forms of nouns: 불규칙형(Irregular) Pronunciation of final –s/-es 주어(Subject), 동사(verb), & 목적어(Object) Prepositions of Time Word order: place and time Using Adjectives to describe Nouns Using Nouns as Adjectives: 유사형용사(Quasi Adj.) 서수와 기수 (Ordinal Numbers & Cardinal Numbers) Capitalization

1. 명사(Nouns): Introduction 명사란? 사람,장소,사물,생각,감정,상태,동작등에 이름을 붙인 것 : words used to name a person, place, thing, object, quality, idea, concept, or an action. Ref. (American Heritage Dictionary, 2001) 명사의 종류 - 가산명사: 셀 수 있는 명사  단/복수형 - 불사산 명사: 셀수 없는 명사  항상 단수 명사의 용법 주어 (Subject) I love you. Virus causes many diseases. Parents love their children. 주어란? 문장에서 동사의 주인을 의미 목적어(Object) Virus causes many disease. 목적어란? 문장에서 동사의 대상(target)을 의미 보어 (Compl ement) 주격보어 Jim is an honest person. // Jim = honest person 보어란? 동사다음에 나오는 명사/형용사가 주어(주격보어) 또는 목적어(목적격보어)와 같은 대상일 가리킬때 -목+ 명사 -목+ as + 명사 -목+ ( to be ) + 명사 목적격보 어 They call me a liar. // me = a liar They described the thief as a short, middle-aged man. They believed Anna to be a reliable person. They considered him to be an honest person. = They considered him an honest person.

2. Plural Forms of Nouns: 규칙형(regular) 단수 복수 설명 Rule No.1 One bird One street One rose Two birds Two streets Two roses 명사 끝에 –s 를 붙임 Rule No. 2 One dish One match One class One box two dishes two matches two classes two boxes 단어끝이 –sh, -ch, -ss, -x, -s -z : 끝에 –es 를 붙임 예외: Fish-fish, Index-indices/indexes Appendix-appendices/appendixes Rule No. 3 One baby One city One toy One key two babies two cities two toys two keys 자음 + Y : y 를 ‘I’ 고치고 ‘es’ 붙임 모음 + Y : 명사 끝에 –s 를 붙임  모음(Vowel)이란?: 발음이 a,e,i,o,u인 단어 Rule No. 4 One knife One shelf Two knives Two shelves 단어 끝이 –fe / -f: -ves 변경 예외: Belief – beliefs , Chief-chiefs , cuff - cuffs Chef-chefs , Cliff-cliffs, sniff-sniffs , Roof-roofs Rule No.5 One tomato One zoo One zero Two tomatoes Two zoos Two zeros/zeroes 단어끝이 –o : -es, -s를 붙임 -oes: tomatoes, potatoes, heroes, echoes -os: zoos, radios, studios, pianos, solos, sopranos, photos, autos oes / -os 둘다 가능: zeros/zeroes, volcanos / volcanoes tornadoes /tornados, mosquitoes / mosquitos

3. Plural Forms of Nouns: 불규칙형(Irregular) 예제 Irregular forms Child- children, Ox- oxen, louse(이)- lice, mouse-mice, Person- people, Man- men, woman-women, Human being - Human beings, Tooth-teeth, foot- feet, goose-geese Singular = Plural Deer, fish, sheep, Series, species 참고: Means: 수단 ex) a means of production(생산수단), Try all available means. Mean: 의도하다, 의미하다, 비열한, 야비한, (품질이) 열등한, 중간의, 보통의 Words that English has borrowed from other languages Bacterium Bacteria Curriculum Curricula Datum Data Dictum Dicta (전문가의 공식견해, 의견) Erratum Errata (오자) Medium Media Momentum Momenta (운동량, 힘) Memorandum Memoranda Sputum Sputa (침,타액) Stratum Strata ((대기,해양)층, 계층) Ultimatum Ultimata (최후 통첩) Criterion – criteria(표준,기준) Phenomenon – phenomena(현상) Formula – formulae/formulas Vertebra – vertebrae(척추,등뼈) Index-indices/indexes Appendix-appendices/appendixes Cactus-cacti/cactuses(선인장) Stimulus-stimuli (자극,고무) Syllabus-syllabi/syllabuses (개요, 교과목 개요, 시간표) Analysis-analyses, basis-bases Crisis-crises, hypothesis-hypotheses Oasis-oases, parenthesis-parentheses (괄호) Thesis-theses

4. Pronunciation of Final –S/-ES Seats = seat /s/ Maps = map /s/ Lakes = lake /s/ /s/ 로 발음: 단어 끝이 T, P, K 로 끝나면 ( 이들 발음은 주로 묵음) Seeds = seed /z/ Stars = star /z/ Holes = hole /z/ Laws = law /z/ /z/ 로 발음: 단어 끝이 D, R, L, M, B, 와 모든 모음 (A,E,I,O,U) 로 끝나면 Dishes = dish /əz/ Matches = match /əz/ Classes = class /əz/ Sizes = size /əz/ Pages = page /əz/ Judges = judge /əz/ /əz/ 로 발음: 단어 끝이 sh, ch, -s, -z, -ge/ -dge 로 발음되는 경우

5. Subjects, Verbs, and Objects The sun shines. Plants grow. 모든 sentence(절, 문장)는 반드시 주어와 동사가 존재한다. 목적어는 존재할 수도 있고, 없을 수도 있다 Plants need water and sunshine. Jim is reading a book. 동사의 목적어: 동사뒤에 목적어가 따를때 이를 동사의 목적어라 한다. Anna put her book on the desk. A leaf fell to the ground. 전치사의 목적어: 전치사구는 전치사 + 명사로 구성되 있으며, 이때 전치사구내의 명사를 전치사의 목적어라 한다. Subject (주어) Verb (동사) Complement (보완어: 보어, 목적어) Modifier (수식어:부사구,전치사구) She sleeps. Ø is beautiful. I love you. gave me a book. last night. They considered saw it an honor. Jim running yesterday. Subject-Verb Agreement  Decide the tense of the verb

5. Subjects, Verbs, and Objects: What can be a Subject? 명사/대명사 Milk contains calcium. (명사) We are not going to that movie. (명사 - 대명사) Anna likes boats. (명사-고유명사) Mary, George, John, and I went to a restaurant last night. (명사-고유명사, 대명사) 명사구 The weather was very bad yesterday. (명사구) The chemistry professor cancelled his class yesterday. (명사구) The bank closed at four o’clock. (명사구) 명사절 What I want is to master English grammar as soon as possible. That the world is round is true. 가주어 (Pseudo- subject) It is a nice day today. It is raining right now. There was a fire in that house last month. There were many students in the room. To 부정사 To see is to believe. 동명사 Sleeping well is very important for your health. WH question Who came in? What happened?

6. Prepositions of Time In Please be on time in the future. I usually watch TV in the evening. I was born in October. I was born in 1985. I was born in twentieth century. The weather is hot in (the) summer. 전치사란? : 문장에서 명사/대명사앞에 위치해서 그 명사/대 명사의 장소,위치,방향,시간등의 정보를 알려주는 단어들 a word, or words, such as [to], [from], [into], [out of], etc, typically preceding nouns and pronouns, and describing their position, movement, etc in relation to other words in the sentence. In + the future, the present, the past In + the morning, the afternoon, the evening, In + a month, a year, a century, a season On I was born on October 31, 1985. I went to a movie on Saturday. I have a class on Saturday morning. On + date On + weekday (Sunday, Monday …) On + weekday morning, afternoon, evening At We sleep at night. I was asleep at midnight. I fell asleep at 9:30. He is busy at present. Please call again. At + noon, night, midnight At + “clock time” At + present, the moment, the present time

7. Word Order: Place and Time S V Obj. Place Time Ann moved to Paris in 1997. We went to a movie yesterday. We bought a house in Miami in 1997. 장소의 부사구(Place)는 시간의 부사구(Time)를 선행. S + V + O + P + T She sang beautifully in the town hall last night. Put the butter in the fridge at once. ( at once in the fridge. (X)) Let's go to bed early. ( early to bed. (X)) I worked hard yesterday. 부사의 순서: adverbs of manner, place and time 부 사 순으로 In 1997, Anna moved to London. Yesterday, we went to a movie. 시간의 구나 단어는 문두에 올수 있다. 그 경우 ,(comma) 를 뒤에 붙인다. 장소 시간 방법

8. Using Adjectives to Describe Nouns She is reading a book. She is reading a good book. She is reading an interesting book. She is a beautiful lady. They are beautiful ladies. They are beautifuls ladies. (X) // 형용사는 복수형없음 The tall woman wore a new dress. The short woman wore an old dress. The young woman wore a short dress. 형용사는 명사를 modify 온다. - Modify means “change a little” - 형용사는 명사에 추가적인 정보 제공. 형용사는 - 일반적으로 명사앞에 오나, 명사 뒤에 올 수도 있다. - be동사 뒤에 온다. - Linking Verb뒤에 온다 - 형용사는 단수/복수 형태가 없다. I feel bad about the accident. // linking verb+형용사 She looks happy today. Be동사외에도 형용사를 취하는 동사가 있는데, 이 경우 형용사는 주어의 상태(기분,감정 등)를 나타내는 주격보어 역할을 하며, 이런 동사들을 linking verb라고 한다.

9. Using Nouns as Adjectives: 유사형용사(Quasi Adj.) I have a English grammar book. I have a flower garden. // flower는 garden을 수식 His contraction with the company is two years. // two years 명사 He has a two-year contract with the company. // two-year는 contract을 수식(형용사) 유사형용사1: 명사가 형용 사 역할 The man who helped me was Mr. Kim //형용사절: Subjective Adjective: The man whom I saw was Mr. Kim //형용사절: Objective Adjective: 유사형용사2: 형용사절 English has an alphabet. It consists of 26 letters.  English has an alphabet that consists of 26 letters. //형용사절  English has an alphabet Ø consisting of 26 letters. //형용사구 The idea was very impressive. The idea was suggested in the meeting.  The idea which was suggested in the meeting was very impressive. //형용사절  The idea Ø Ø suggested in the meeting was very impressive. //형용사구 유사형용사3: 형용사구 I have a book to sell. // To 부정사 유사형용사4: to 부정사 The door is old. //형용사 The door is red. //형용사 The door is locked. //수동태or형용사 I broke the window. The window was broken (by me). // 수동태,형용사 It is a broken window. // 형용사 유사형용사5: 분사가 형용 사 역할(분사 형용사) - locked, broken은 과거분 사이면서 형용사 역할

10. 서수와 기수 (Ordinal Numbers & Cardinal Numbers) The first two boys are my cousins. 서수 + 기수 순서로 사용 She has a three-year-old boy. The boy is three years old. 서수가 명사를 수식하는 경우: 형용사역할(단수) 서수가 형용사를 수식하는 경우: 복수형 World War 2 = World War Two = the second World War Room 27 = Room twenty-seven 서수/기수 변환 - 순서 개념이 있으면 서수: the + 서수 + 명사 = 무관사 명사 + 기수 - 순서 개념이 없으면 기수: 무관사 명사 + 기수 1/2 = a half   1/3 = a(one) third 2/3 = two thirds // 주의: third가 아니라 thirds 2 2/3 = two and two thirds 분수 표현시 : - 분자가 1일 때 : 분자는 기수,  분모는 단수 서수 - 분자가 2이상일 때 : 분자는 기수,  분모는 복수 서수 3월 10일 = March 10 = 10 March = 10th March / 10th of March /  March 10th = March the 10th 날자 표현

11. Capitalization (대문자화) 1. 문장 첫 단어의 첫 글자 We saw a movie last night. 2. 사람이름 I met George Adams yesterday. 3. 사람의 Title, 직위 I had an appointment with Dr. (Doctor) Smith. Do you know Prof. (Professor) Brown? 비교:I saw a doctor I saw Dr. Wilson. 4. 월,요일, 공휴일 I was born in April. Bob arrived last Monday. It snowed on Thanksgiving Day. 계절은 대문자아님 spring, summer, fall/autumn, winter 5. 장소/지명명: 도시, 거리,빌딩,주,나라,대 륙,바다,호수,강,사막, 학교,공원명등 He lives in Chicago. She was born in California. They are from Mexico. The Nile River flows north. The Sahara Desert is in Africa He lives in Grand Avenue. We have class in Ritter Hall. I went jogging in Forest Park. I go to the University of Iowa. I go to Iowa University. river vs. Yellow River city vs. New York City university vs. Iowa University. park vs. Central Park. 6. 강좌명 I am taking Chemistry 101 this term. 7. 책/영화/기사 제목 Gone with the Wind. The Old Man and the Sea 관사,접속사,전치사를 제 외한 모든 단어를 대문자화 8.언어명,국민명,국 가명 She speaks Spanish. We discussed Japanese customs. 9.종교명 Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam, Judism, Moslem 종교명은 대문자로 시작 10. 대명사 I 항상 대문자로 표시 14