Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.1 | 1 CHAPTER ONE Bonding and Isomerism

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.1 | 2 Numbers of Orbitals and electrons in the First Three Shells

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.1 | 3 Electron Arrangements of the First 18 elements

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.1 | 4 Valence Electrons of the First 18 Elements

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.1 | 이온결합과 공유결합 P 10 결합은 왜 하는 것일까 ? Lewis Theory - an atom is most stable if its outer shell is either filled or contains eight electrons, and it has no electrons of higher energy - octet rule 1.2a. 이온화합물

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.1 | 6

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.1 | 7 Cations and Anions Of Representative Elements

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.1 | 8 전자의 전달에 의해 형성되는 이온결합

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.1 | 9 Sodium chloride

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.1 | 10 FF + 7e-7e- 7e-7e- FF 8e-8e- 8e-8e- Why should two atoms share electrons? Lewis structure of F 2 ▪ 두 원자 사이에 두 개의 전자를 공유하는 것을 공유 결합 (covalent bond) 이라고 한다. P b. 공유결합

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.1 | 탄소와 공유결합 1-4. 탄소 - 탄소 단일결합

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.1 | 12 비극성 공유결합 극성 공유결합 1-5. 극성 공유결합 P 16

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.1 | 13 Electronegativities of Some Common Elements P 18

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.1 | 14 Valences of Common Electrons 1-7. 원자가

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.1 | 이성질 현상 P 21 이성질체 1) 구조 이성질체 : 원소의 연결상태가 다른 이성질체

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.1 | 16 2) 입체 이성질체 : 원소의 연결상태는 같고 공간 배향이 다른 이성질체

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.1 | 17 Formal charge = 족수 – 결합수 - 비공유 전자수 Oxygen of hydronium ion: FC = 6 - (2 + 1/2*6) = = +1 =6-3-2= +1 Oxygen of hydronium ion: FC = 6 - (6 + 1/2*2) = = -1 = 6-1-6= 형식전하 P 27

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.1 | 공명 ▪ 두 개의 전자를 공유하는 것보다 네 개의 전자를 공유하면 두 원자는 서로 더 강하게 결합하고, 더 가까이 접근한다. 마찬가지로 삼중 결합은 이중 결합보다 더 강하고, 결합 길이도 더 짧다. ▪ 다음의 세 가지 구조를 공명 구조 (resonance structure) 라고 한다. 이 분자의 실제 구조는 세 가지 구조의 공명 혼성 (resonance hybrid) 또는 세 가지 구조의 평균으로 생각할 수 있다. P 29

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.1 | 결합의 궤도 함수적 측면 : 시그마 결합 P 33 그림 1.2 S 와 p 의 궤도함수모양

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.1 | 20 그림 1.3 분자궤도함수를 이용한 두수소원자의 결합 그림 1.4 시그마 결합의 형성

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.1 | 21 파이 결합

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.1 | 탄소의 sp 3 혼성궤도함수 P 34 C – 1s 2 2s 2 2p 2 2p 2s E Ground state Promotion of electron SP 3 - Hybridized state C – 1s 2 2s 2 2p 4 4 H – 1s 1 SP 3 s CH 4

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.1 | 23 Unhybridized vs sp 3 hybridized orbitals on carbon. P 35

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.1 | 24 An sp 3 orbital extends mainly in one direction from the nucleus and forms bonds with other atoms in that direction.

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.1 | 25 An sp 3 orbital extends mainly in one direction from the nucleus and forms bonds with other atoms in that direction.

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.1 | 26 Examples of sigma σ bonds formed from sp 3 hybrid orbitals P 36

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.1 | 27 methane

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.1 | 28 Formation of sp 3 Hybrid Orbitals

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.1 | 29 A molecule of methane, CH 4, is formed by the overlap of the four sp 3 carbon orbitals with the 1s orbitals of four hydrogen atoms.

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.1 | 30 The carbon and two of the hydrogens in methane form a plane that perpendicularly bisects the plane formed by the carbon and the other two hydrogens. P 37

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.1 | 31 3D model of methane: ball and stick representations where carbon is shown as a gray ball and hydrogen as a white ball connected by the C–H bond

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.1 | 32 3D model of methane: electrostatic potential (ESP) map ( 정전기포텐셜 지도 )

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.1 | 분자골격에 따른 분류 P 38 a) 비고리 화합물 그림 1.12 천연 비고리 화합물

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.1 | 34 b) 탄소 고리 화합물

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.1 | 35 c) 헤테로 고리 화합물

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.1 | 작용기 ( Functional Groups) 에 따른 분류