The Future of Korean Dam Construction and SEA Jeong-min, Yee Pil-jung, Mun Cheol-jin, Kim Sung-woo, Lee Good afternoon, ladies and gentleman, I’m very hornored to be here and have the chance to introduce our effort for sustainable development. ESSD has been introduced quite a long time. But few people seem to know its deep rooted meaning. I’d love to have time to share the common recognition and learn from your experience.

Contents Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ Overview of Water & Dams SEA of DCLP SEA Results OK, First I’d like to introduce of overview of water & dams in this country. And briefly I would summarize about the case of SEA for DCLP that I’ve done. And then its results, And finally I would conclude my presentation. Ⅳ Conclusion

Ⅰ. Overview of Water & Dams 1. Water Shortage of South Korea Water shortage of regions(2011) Regions with limited water supply during previous drought According to the National Water Resources Plan, This picture shows regions of water shortage. And right pictures indicate the regions with limited water supplying during previous drought. Source : MOCT, National Water Resources Plan, 2006.7)

2. Flood Damages in Korea Source : MOCT, National Water Resources Plan, 2006.7)

3. Present Dam Status 16 Multipurpose dams being managed - Water supply :10.8 billion tons/yr - Flood control : 2.4 billion tons - Electricity : 2.5GW (66.9% of total waterpower in Korea) 4 Dams under construction Multipurpose dams : 3 Flood detention dam : 1 Korea has 16 multipupose dams and 4 dams are under construction And relatively small 18000 agricultural dams are being managed. 18,000 agricultural dams being managed Category Total Multi- pupose Water supply power Agricul- tural Estuarine barrage Water supply(106㎥/yr) 17,663 10,756 629 1,315 2,777 2,186 Flood control(106/㎥) 2,778 2,460 23 276 19 -

Youngwol Multipurpose dam 4. Cases of Complication over Dam Project Project Stakeholders Main issues Results Youngwol Multipurpose dam MOCT Kwater Residents ME NGOs Estimation error of water demand Distrust of flood control effect - Ecology and landscape damage Canceled Hantangang Flood Detention Dam Specialist ME, MD Residents, local government Politicians Estimation error of floodwater & flood control effect BC analysis distrust Insufficient countermeasure Decision making without resident’s participation Halted for 6yrs During the Korean dam history, two representative complication cases, Youngwol dam and Hantangang dam. Youngwol dam was confronted with strong objection by NGOs, opponent residents by reason of which some significant errors were included in estimating the water demand, flood control was not so effective and ecological and landscape of subject area is too valuble to be submerged. Hantangang dam has been faced fierce opposition either. Opposition group was mainly living in dam’s upstream area. After 6 years’ dispute, construction was determined last year by special commitee of the Office for the Government Policy Coordination.(OPC)

4. SWOT Analysis of Dam Status Opportunity Threat New dam responding to incre-asing floods Recreational and leisure dem- and increase Preference of dam increase Social complication involved in dam construction Decrease of water demand Deficiency of dam site Strength Weakness Positive recognition about dam’s role and contribution Relief from administrative restr-aint of dam’s upstream areas Economic support for dam area Ecological disturbance Relocation of residents Lack of social concensus Unsatisfactory compensation SWOT analysis was tried to diagnose of current condition around dam. Strenth.. Weakness.. Opportunity.. Threat..

Ⅱ. SEA for DCLP 1. Background and Legal Basis Legal basis Purpose Regulation for Strategic Environmental Assessment (Directive of Ministry of Construction and Transportation, Dec. 2004) Purpose Sustainable development of national land through assessment of propriety and environmental soundness concerning Dam Construction Longterm Plan(DCLP) SEA for DCLP is implemented according to the SEA regulation enacted in Dec. 2004 as a internal directive of MOCT. Its purpose is.. It is excuted in prior to… Time of execution Prior to confirmation of plan(the 4th article)

The Process and Relation between DCLP and SEA PROCESS OF DCLP SEA National Water Resources Plan (under revision), (Dec. 2005) Kickoff of DCLP alteration (Jun. 2004) Efficiency maximization of existing water resources facilities Demand management Auxiliary water resources Dam sites research Study for policy reformation Enactment of SEA directive(MOCT)(Dec.2004) Addition of SEA work (Dec. 2005) Scoping by SEA committee (Dec.2005) Comprehensive Watershed Flood Control Plan (April. 2006~) Water Service Plan (Alteration)(July.2005) Dam sites investigation (May. 2005) Draw up check lists Field survey for environmental assessment (Feb. 2006~Sep. 2006) Dam sites review Study for policy reformation 1st Advisory meeting (May. 2006) SEA report(draft) National Water Resources Plan(revised)(Jun. 2006) DCLP(alteration) draft Advisory group meeting (Jul. 2006) DCLP is first setup in 2001. This time we have altered the existing plan. DCLP alteration work began in June. 2004. and started to research the dam sites investigation and study for policy reformation. But, SEA is started during the course of setting up the DCLP, because SEA regulation is not enacted until Dec. 2004. Scoping was implemented in Dec. 2005 by SEA committee. Drawing up checklists and Field survey have been carried out form Feb, 2006~Sep. 2006. And then after the course of the Advisory group meeting and public hearing, SEA final report was completed, then the SEA results were deliberated by SEA committee. DCLP currently is wating for the deliberation of Central River Managerial Committee after series of process such as 2 times of advisory meetings, and reflecting the upper and relevant plans like Watershed Flood Control Plans and National Water Resources Plan and opinion collection from local government and governmental bodies. 2nd Advisory meeting (Oct.2006) Public hearing (April. 2006) Opinion collection from local and central governmental bodies SEA final report DCLP(alteration) final Deliberation by SEA committee(May. 2007) Deliberation by Central River Managerial Committee DCLP confirmation

Upper&Relevant Plans Preliminary Review Field survey 2. Selecting Alternatives The flow of dam sites selection Upper&Relevant Plans Preliminary Review Field survey Environmental Survey Dam candidates Water short area On NWRP Auxiliary water resources Dam candidates (267sites) Other agencies data (Agricultural dam 17,956sites) New Dam 163 sites Rehabilitation 14 sites Alternatives 10sites Multipurpose dam 3 sites Water supply dam 1 site This slide shows the flow of dam sites selection Extract water short area from NWRP and Review of Watershed Flood control plan. In Preliminary Review, the dam sites with the development limiting condition. Field survey would be removed. And in field survey, screen the possible dam sites based on the results of geography, tourism, cultural assets, river environment. And after Environmental survey, dam candidates were finally selected considering technical, economic, environmental feasibility. DCLP has other plan’s dam 4 sites and 1 dam already planned in previous DCLP. Watershed Flood control plan Development Limiting condition Geography,tourism, Cultural assets, Mines, River environment Technical, economic, envrionmental feasibility Detention dam 4sites Existing DCLP (2001~2011) Multipurpose dam 1site

Subject Areas for SEA Field survey for EA N Suip 1,2 Dal 1,2 Im,Mansu Bocheong 1,2 Gohyun, Hwengye East sea Yellow sea Field survey for EA Newly selected dam alternatives 10sites Already planned dams, agricultural dams, other plan’s dams were excluded Subject areas Watershed Sub-watershed Subject area Han River North Han River South Han River Suip 1, 2 Dal 1, 2 Nakdong River Nam River Im, Mansu Geumho River Gohyun, Hwengye Geum Bocheong Stream Bocheong 1, 2 Field survey is carried out for 10 sites .

Overview of the Sites Geography, Landscape Duta Pond Water Shed sites Connectivity With protecting area Principal view Han River North Han River Suip 1 DMZ Jikyeon falls Suip 2 Duta-pond South Dal 1 - Dal 2 Songrisan National Park Yongchu falls NakdonkRiver Nam Im Chilsun-valley (Jirisan National Park) Yong’yudaam (downstream) Mansu Baemsagol-valley Shilsang-temple (downstream) Geumho Gohyun Hwengye Geum Bocheon Stream Bocheon 1 Bocheon 2 Shilsang Temple Han river has connected with protection zone except Dal 1 site. Nam river of Nakdong River is located close to the jirisan National park. Other sites has no particular points.

Threatened Species 18 17 Viola websteri 13 9 6 Eurasian Otter 4 2 1 20 plant mammal fowl fish 18 18 17 6 13 4 9 1 2 Viola websteri 16 14 12 10 8 6 Eurasian Otter 4 2 S1 S2 D1 D2 IM MS GH HG B1 B2 North Han River South Han River Nam River Geumho River Bocheong River Hemibarbus mylodon

Assessment of Ecological Value Han River Nakdong River North Han River(Suip 1,2) Nam River(Im, Mansu) Geum River Both ranked below average (Bocheong 1 < Bocheong 2) Bocheong(Bocheong1, 2) Ranked relatively high (Suip 1 = Suip 2) Im ranked average, Mansu ranked above average (Im < Mansu) South Han River (Dal 1, 2) Geumho River(Gohyun, Hwengye) 한강권역에서는 남한강수계의 달천댐 1, 2지점이 북한강수계의 방성골댐 1, 2 지점에 비하여 전체적으로 낮은 생태적 가치를 보였으며 남한강 수계 내에서는 달천댐 2지점의 생태적 가치를 보임 낙동강권역에서는 산내댐의 생태적 가치가 상대적으로 높음 금강권역과 금호강권역은 전반적으로 생태적 가치가 낮았으며, 상대적으로 오천댐과 횡계댐의 생태적 가치가 높았음 Dal ranked average, Dal 2 ranked above average (Dal 1 < Dal 2) Both ranked below average (Gohyun < Hwengye)

Water Quality Water quality table 2.5 BOD Water Sampling 2.0 BOD mg/L item North Han River South Han River Nam River Geumho River Bocheong Stream S1 S2 D1 D2 IM MS GH HG B1 B2 BOD 0.32 0.30 0.81 0.76 1.58 1.09 0.45 0.71 0.52 0.80 TN 1.324 1.245 2.484 2.546 1.119 0.901 2.911 4.459 0.863 2.581 TP 0.001 0.004 0.030 0.027 0.016 0.058 0.000 0.044 0.008 0.057 KWQI Ⅰ II 2.5 BOD Water Sampling 2.0 BOD mg/L 1.5 수질의 경우 KWQI지수가 2등급인 금호강수계 횡계댐지점과 보청천수계 오천지점을 제외하고 모두 1등급을 보였음 BOD의 경우 남강수계의 문정댐지점을 제외하고는 모두 1mg/L 이하의 수치를 보였음 결과적으로 수질 측면에서는 모든 대상지역이 댐건설에 있어서 큰 문제는 없는 것으로 판단 1.0 0.5 0.0 S1 S2 D1 D2 IC MS GH HG B1 B2 North Han River South Han River Nam River Geum-ho River Boche- ong Stream

Environmental Risk South Han River mine distribution D1 D2 Deserted mines scattered in upstream areas No heavy metals detected in water Sites number of mines North Han River Suip 1 3 Suip 2 1 South Han River Dal 1 20 Dal 2 78 Nam River Im 4 Mansu 2 Geumho River Gohyun Hwengye Bocheong Stream Bocheong 1 Bocheong 2 하천수중 중금속은 검출되지 않았으며, 댐건설 유역내의 폐광산 분포조사 결과 남한강수계의 달천댐 1, 2 지점의 경우 많은 수의 폐광이 분포하는 것으로 나타남 폐광산 분포현황 결과만을 가지고 향후 댐건설후 토양 및 수질오염 가능성을 판단키 어려우므로 향후 개별사업에 대한 사업계획 수립시 세부적인 조사를 실시

Ⅲ. SEA Results 1. Dam Locating Priority Alternative comparison 4 sites of alternatives groups divided by watershed(colored) were prioritzed by each assessment result Field Han River Nakdong River Geum River North Han River South Han River Nam River Geumho River Bocheon Stream Suip 1 Suip 2 Dal 1 Dal 2 Im Mansu Gohyun hwengye Bocheong 1 Bocheong2 Geography and land view *** ** ∙ * Ecological value Water quality Environmental risk Priority ∨ The sites of North Han river have good land view( DMZ,Duta-pond) and quite many threatened species Dal 1 site of South Han river is preferable in respect to ecological value Mansu in upstream area of Nam river is linked with Baemsagol-valley in jirisan national park which is visted by many people in the summer season to enjoy fresh valley water therby Im is better for a dam site. Gohyun and Hwengye don’t have big difference in ecological value and land scape.

2. Following Assessment Dam construction process Settingup DCLP : the dam constructing and regional supporting law : Regulation for SEA(MOCT directive) Conceptual stage SEA Pre feasibility audit (Ministry of planning and budget) : the budget and financial law Research stage : the construction Technology Manangement law Feasibility investigation Pre environmental review : Environmental policy law(article 25)   Consult with ME  : before confirmation of general plan Notice of General plan : the dam constructing and regional supporting law Design stage Basic design : the construction Technology Manangement law   Execution design : the construction Technology Manangement law 계획의 적정성 분야는 체크리스트 방법으로 각 여건분석 및 문제점 인식 측면 계획의 기조 및 정책방향 계획의 일관성 댐입지 선정의 적정성 자원 및 에너지 등 각 카테고리의 세부 분야별로 체크리스트를 작성하여 평가하였으며, 평가결과, 이전 댐건설장기계획과 기존 댐사업의 추진 과정에서의 수자원여건, 환경변화, 댐에 대한 사회적 인식 등을 고려한 계획을 수립코자 노력한 것으로 평가되었음 또한 계획의 정책방향에서는 이전 계획보다 이상기후 등으로 인한 치수측면의 강화, 하천유지용수 등 하천환경개선 측면의 검토와 댐 건설사업 관련 갈등 해소를 위한 제도도입, 친환경댐 건설을 위한 ESSD를 표방하여, 계획의 친환경성 및 실현가능성을 높였다고 평가됨 댐입지 선정측면에서는 기존댐 재개발, 대체수자원, 기존댐 연계운영 및 댐입지의 환경적 타당성을 강화한 것으로 평가됨 계획의 적정성을 평가할 때 여건분석 및 문제점 인식, 계획의 기조 및 정책의 방향, 계획의 일관성, 댐후보지 선정의 적정성, 자원 및 에너지 차원에서 평가하였으며, 세부 항목에 대한 평가결과 적합한 것으로 나타남 EIA : environment, traffic, disaster, etc assessment law Consult with ME : before confirmation of execution plan Notice of execution plan : the dam constructing and regional supporting law   Construction stage   Construction

Following Assessment General assessment items in dam construction project Item Natural environment Living Environment Social & Economic Environment Meteorology Geology and geography Flora and Fauna Marine environment Hydraulics & hydrology Land use Air quality Water quality Soil wastes Noise and vibraition Oodor Radio wave hindrance Sunlight hindrance Tourism and landscape Hygene and public health Population Residence Industry Public building and facility Educaition Traffic Cultural asset Principal Items ●   General ○ Excluded × ● : 1st graded items ● : 2nd graded items 계획의 적정성 분야는 체크리스트 방법으로 각 여건분석 및 문제점 인식 측면 계획의 기조 및 정책방향 계획의 일관성 댐입지 선정의 적정성 자원 및 에너지 등 각 카테고리의 세부 분야별로 체크리스트를 작성하여 평가하였으며, 평가결과, 이전 댐건설장기계획과 기존 댐사업의 추진 과정에서의 수자원여건, 환경변화, 댐에 대한 사회적 인식 등을 고려한 계획을 수립코자 노력한 것으로 평가되었음 또한 계획의 정책방향에서는 이전 계획보다 이상기후 등으로 인한 치수측면의 강화, 하천유지용수 등 하천환경개선 측면의 검토와 댐 건설사업 관련 갈등 해소를 위한 제도도입, 친환경댐 건설을 위한 ESSD를 표방하여, 계획의 친환경성 및 실현가능성을 높였다고 평가됨 댐입지 선정측면에서는 기존댐 재개발, 대체수자원, 기존댐 연계운영 및 댐입지의 환경적 타당성을 강화한 것으로 평가됨 계획의 적정성을 평가할 때 여건분석 및 문제점 인식, 계획의 기조 및 정책의 방향, 계획의 일관성, 댐후보지 선정의 적정성, 자원 및 에너지 차원에서 평가하였으며, 세부 항목에 대한 평가결과 적합한 것으로 나타남 Assessment Methodology Impact assessment and mitigation measures consideration Impact assessment : screening model → sophisticated model Mitigation measures : restoring the sustainable natural habitats

3. Public participation Public presentation Opinion Collection  when : 14:00~16:00 April. 6 2007  where : meeting rooms in construction contractor’s building, Seoul  participants : approx. 300 people  opinion collection : April. 7 ~ April. 20(14days) * via mail or email Results : Mostly residents living in specific dam candidate areas submitted their opinions that are mainly about assention or objection Opinion Collection Opinions collected : total 114 opinions Main opinions Collected opinions are mostly regarding pros and cons of specific dam sites, or whether their land and property are submerged or not. These opinions are to be considrered in specific dam project plans.

Ⅳ. Conclusion SEA for DCLP appears to raise the propriety and the environmental soundness of the plan by way of reflecting the the results to the main plan. Dam candidates in the DCLP are selected through considering the condition of submerged areas, technical, economical and environmental feasibility aspects in a broad point of view. The selected dam candidates would be confirmed after the following series of processes, pre-environmental review and environmental impact assessment, in which opinions of residents and relevant organizations are again collected and reflected.

On the other hand, in spite of its avantage public participation might lead to more confusion and conflict between supportive groups and opponent ones without any meaningful proposal. Whether SEA and public participation are really beneficial is debatable. If the effectiveness of SEA and DCLP would not be proven, even the necessity of DCLP could be reconsidered in the next term. SEA for DCLP is almost the first challenge in SEA history in Korea since the enaction of SEA directive. More study is needed in this field so that SEA would secure its position and contribute to the nation’s sustainable development.

for coexistence of human and nature ! We design it for coexistence of human and nature ! Thank you