제 14 장 < 조 동 사 >

I have not been able to speak English yet. 조 동 사 (助 動 詞) 1. can (= be able to), could a) 가능,능력: ~할 수 있다. (현재) I can (not) swim. (= ) (과거) (미래) (완료) I am (not) able to swim. I was able to swim. (could 쓰임) *시제 일치 *가정법과거 I will be able to swim. I have not been able to speak English yet. b) 강한 의혹, 부정적 추측 Can it be true? (의혹) (그것이 사실일까?) He cannot be rich. (현재 추측) ( ~일리 없다) He cannot have been rich.(과거 추측)(~였을리 없다) c) 정중한 표현 : Could you help me ?

Can I go swimming? (허가: ~해도 좋다.) d) 기타 용법 과 관용구 Can I go swimming? (허가: ~해도 좋다.) He ran as fast as he could. (가능한 한 ~ 하게) We cannot praise him too much. ※ He could not but cry.(= He could not help crying.) cannot ~ too... : (아무리 ~ 해도 지나치지 않다) can not but+원형= can not help ~ing : (~하지 않을 수 없다) 2. may, might a) 허가 A:May I go there? B:(Yes, you may.) (No, you may(must) not.) b) 불확실한 추측 (1)He may be rich. (현재 추측): ~일지도 모른다. He may not be rich. (부정: 현재 추측 ) (2)He may have said so.(과거 추측):~였을지도 모른다. He may not have said so. (부정: 과거 추측)

c) 기타 용법 과 관용어구 He might be angry to hear me.(현재 사실 반대 요소) (3) 추측 might : may 보다 가능성 적은 것 (가정법 뜻) He might be angry to hear me.(현재 사실 반대 요소) You might listen to me. Might he be there now? He might have come to meet us.(과거 사실 반대) ◈ might+have+P.P:과거 사실 반대 추측 (가정법 뜻) c) 기타 용법 과 관용어구 May you succeed!(기원) May(=Can) I help you?(가능) Might I ask your name? (공손) You may as well begin it at once.(~하는 것이 좋다.) (= might as well = had better + 원형) He may well be proud of his son.~하는 것도 당연하다 (= has good reason to ~) ◈ ( so (= in order) that+ 주어 + may ): ~하기 위하여

3. must 의 용법 a) 필요, 의무 (= have to, has to) You have to go there. You must go there.(= ) (부정): (의문): (과거): (미래): You do not(=don’t) have to go there. (= need not ) : ~할 필요가 없다. Do you have to go there? You had to go there. You will have to go there. b) 추측 He must be honest. => He has to be honest. (X) It must be true. (현재 추측: ~임에 틀림없다) (부정): It must have been true.(과거추측:~이었음에 틀림없다) It cannot be true. :~일리가 없다. It cannot have been true. :~이었을 리가 없다.

He will often come to my house on Sundays. 4. will, would 의 용법 a) will :현재의 불규칙 습관 would :과거의 불규칙 습관 He will often come to my house on Sundays. I would take a walk before breakfast. (비교) < use to+동사 원형 >:과거의 규칙적 습관 I used to take a walk before breakfast. *상태 : There used to be a big tree in the park. b) would :희망, 소망 He who would catch fish, must not mind getting wet. I would like to (= want to) live in the suburbs. If you would be happy, be good and honest. (= wish to)

He will have everything in his own way. (현재) c) 주어의 고집 He will have everything in his own way. (현재) This wood will not burn. (현재) He would not help me. (과거) d) will(현재), would(과거)의 습성, 경향 Children will be noisy. Dogs will bark at strangers. After lunch he would take a nap. e) 기타 용법 과 관용구 (1) Would you like a cup of coffee? (공손한 표현) (2) would like to + 동사 원형: ~ 하고 싶다. I would like to go there. I’d like you to stop smoking. Would you like her to call you? ※ would like+O+to~ {O가 ~ 하기를 바란다}

I would rather go there by train. Which would you rather have, tea or coffee? I’d rather not see a doctor. (cf) You’d better see a doctor. =>( had better+원형 ) ※ I would rather stay at home than go out. => {would rather A than B =prefer A(명) to B(명)} (B 하느니 차라리 A 하는 것이 낫다.) I prefer staying at home to going out. 5. Shall 의 용법 a) 예언: Ask, and it shall be given to you. (구하라, 그러면 얻을 것이다.) b) 규정:The emperor shall be the symbol of the state. (황제는 국가의 상징이다.)

X 6. should 의 용법 a)의무,당연:should(=ought to)+동사 원형:~해야 한다 You should obey the laws. Brothers should not quarrel. b)과거의 유감,후회:{should(=ought to) +have +P.P} (~했어야 했는데) You should have worked harder. = I am sorry that you didn’t work harder. = I wish you had worked harder. = You had to work harder, but you didn’t. c) {놀람: surprise 이상함: strange 필요: necessary 당연: natural 유감: a pity 등을 나타내는 주절에 이어지는 명사절에서 => ( should ) +동사 원형 } X I am surprised that he (should) give up his son. It is natural that he (should) get angry.

X d) {주장:insist 요구:demand, require 명령:order, command 제안:suggest, propose 바램:desire) + that + S + (should) +동사 원형} X I insisted that he (should) stay at home. He suggested that the party (should) be put off. He desired that we (should) wait. 7. ought to => should 참조 You ought to (=should) go there alone.(~해야 한다) (부정) :You ought not to go there alone. *의무, 당연 You ought to have read that book.(~했어야 했는데) = You should have read that book. *과거 후회 = I am sorry you didn’t read that book.

He used to take a walk in the park.(과거규칙적 습관) a) used to +(동사 원형) He used to take a walk in the park.(과거규칙적 습관) There used to be a tall tree there. (과거의 상태) b) be used to +(명사, 동명사): ~에 익숙하다. He is used to getting up early. (~에 익숙하다) You’ll get used to speaking English. (익숙해지다) 9. need , dare 의 용법 (본동사) * I need your help. *You need to go there. * You do not need to go there. * Do you need to go there? (조동사) * I need not go there. *Need he go at once? (본동사) *He dares (to) insult me.(감히 나를 무시 한다) (조동사) *I dare not go along. (혼자 감히 갈 수 없다.)