< 부정사 용법, 시제 >

부정사:(to)+동사원형 => (to부정사, 원형부정사) A: 명사적 용법 : S, O, C 로 쓰임 To tell a lie is wrong. => 1. (주어) It is wrong to tell a lie. (가주어) (진주어) She wanted to be a nurse. I found to solve the problem difficult. => 2. (목적어) I found it difficult to solve the problem. (가목적어) (진목적어) His job is to sell cars. (비교)=> 3. (보어) He is to go abroad this summer. (예정)=> 형용사 용법 (C) (서술적 용법)

I have no friend to help me. (= I have no friend who can help me.) B: 형용사적 용법 1. 한정적 용법: 명사, 대명사 수식 I have no friend to help me. (= I have no friend who can help me.) The day will soon come for us to repent of it. (☞ The day for us to repent of it will soon come.) Give me something to write (with).(on).(about). (도구),(용지),(내용) 2. 서술적 용법: be + to 부정사가 주어와 동격이 아닌 설명적 내용 일 때 ◈ 예정 ◈ 의무 ◈ 가능 ◈ 의도 ◈ 운명=> 5개 내용

We are to meet her at 9 o’clock. (예정) : (의무) : (가능) : (운명) : (의도) : We are to meet her at 9 o’clock. (= We are due to meet her at 9 o’clock.) You are to obey your parents. (= You should obey your parents.) My house is to be seen from the station. (= My house can be seen from the station.) They were never to meet again. (= They were destined(doomed) never to meet again.) If you are to succeed , you must work hard. (= If you intend to succeed , you must

C : 부사적 용법 1.목적 : ~하기 위하여, ~하려고 He got up early to catch the first train. I went to the park to meet my friend. 2. 결과 : ~하여 …하다(되다) He grew up to be a great scientist. My father lived to be ninety. 3. 원인 : ~하여서, ~하니, ~하고 I am glad to meet you. He was surprised to see her there. 4. 이유, 판단 : ~하다니, ~하는 것을 보고 He must be a fool to say such a thing. She cannot be rich to wear like that.

To do(= if you do) it again, you will be punished. 5. 조건 : (만일) ~ 라면 To do(= if you do) it again, you will be punished. I should be glad to go(= if I could go) with her. 6. 양보 : 비록 ~ 했으나, 아무리 ~한다 할지라도 To do my best, I could not pass the exam. (=Though I did my best, I could not pass the exam. 7. 정도 : (~하기에 … 하다 ) :형용사 수식 This book is easy to read. (부사적 용법) (비교) It is easy to read this book.(명사적 용법) 8. 독립 부정사(무인칭 독립 부정사) :부사적 용법 => 문장 전체 수식 To tell the truth, I don’t know the answer.

◈ 독립 부정사 :관용구로 암기 to tell the truth(=to speak the truth):사실을 말하면 so to speak(= as it were= in other words):말하자면 strange to say: 이상한 말이지만 to be sure (=surely): 틀림없이 to be frank(=plain) with you: 솔직히 말하면 to be brief (= in a word= in brief): 간단히 말하면 to begin with (= first of all): 무엇보다도 to make matters worse : 설상 가상으로 to say nothing of(=not to speak of = not to mention = needless to say): ~은 말할 것도 없이 to make a long story short: 간단히 말해서 to do one justice: 공정하게 말해서

(a)정도,결과: (형용사,부사) enough to ~ =so(형,부)that ~ can = so(형,부) as to ~ 8. 관용적 표현 (a)정도,결과: (형용사,부사) enough to ~ =so(형,부)that ~ can = so(형,부) as to ~ ※so ~ that : 1) 대단히 ~ 해서 ~ 하다 : 결과 2) ~ 할 정도로 대단히 ~ 이다 : 정도 He is rich enough to buy a new car. (단) = He is so rich that he can buy a new car. (복) He is very rich, so that he can buy a new car.(중) He is so rich as to buy a new car. (단) (참조) : so (형,부) that = such (명사) that ~ :결과 He is so honest that we trust him. = He is such an honest man that we trust him. = He is so that we trust him. honest a man

He is too young to understand it. = (b)정도,결과: too (형,부) to ~ = so (형,부) that ~ cannot ※ too ~ to :1) 너무 ~ 해서 ~ 할 수 없다. :결과 2) ~ 하지 못할 정도로 대단히 ~하다 :정도 He is too young to understand it. = He is so young that he cannot understand it. This book is so difficult that I can’t read it. = => This book is too difficult to read. for me This book is very difficult, so that I can’t read it . She was too ill to come to school. = She was so ill that she couldn’t come to school.

(c)목적: ~ 하기 위하여 He works hard that he may pass the exam. so that can in order that will < 부사절 : 목적 >: (복문) = He works hard to(=so as to,in order to)pass the exam. <부정사 부사적 용법:목적> He works hard with a view to passing the exam. <전치사구:~하기 위하여> I work hard that(=so that, in order that)I may not fail. = I work hard not to(=so as not to, in order not to) fail. I work hard lest I (should) fail. *( lest ~ should…=>…하지 않도록 )

He worked hard so as to save money. =(복) =(단) He worked hard so that he might save money. He worked hard in order to save money. He worked hard to save money. He worked hard so that he might pass the exam. = He worked hard so as to pass the exam. He worked so hard that he passed the exam. = He worked so hard as to pass the exam. <합격 하기 위하여 열심히 공부 했다> * so that ~ might...(= so as to...) :목적(...하기 위하여) <열심히 공부해서 합격 했다> * so ~ that …(= so ~ as to…) : 결과 (대단히~ 해서 …하다.)

*원형 부정사 : ( to 없는 부정사) 1) 조동사 + 동사 원형(원형 부정사) I must (= have to) go there. 2)(지각동사),(사역동사) + 목적어 +원형 부정사 (a) 지각동사( see, hear, feel, watch, look at, listen to ….) + O + O.C ( 5 형식) I saw him go out of the house. I heard her sing a song. (b) 사역동사 ( let, make, have ) + O + O.C (5) Let me go out . (바램) He made me do it at once. (강제) I had her make lunch. (부탁)

3)지각동사+O+O.C ( 원형 , 현재분사 , 과거분사) <사실> <능동뜻> <수동뜻> I saw him cross the road. I felt the house shaking. I saw the flag raised. <사실내용> <능동의미, 진행뜻> <수동의미> 4) 관용적 표현 ※ had better + 원형 : ~하는 것이 좋다. You had better stay in the bed. You had better not go there. (=You’d better ~) ※ can not but + 원형 : ~하지 않을 수 없다. We can not but laugh at him. (= We can not help laughing at him.)

He went to London to learn English. = 부 정 사 의 미 상 주 어 1. 주어와 같은 경우 => 생략 He went to London to learn English. = He went to London that he might learn English. 2. 목적어와 같은 경우 => 생략 I expect him to come at once. = I expect that he will come at once. 3. 의미상의 주어=> to부정사 앞에 for ( of )+목적격 (a) for + 목적격 ( ) To finish the work in a day is difficult. = For me It is difficult to finish the work in a day. (가주어) (진주어) for me This is the book that you should read. = This is the book to read. for you

She turned off the radio that her baby might sleep. = She turned off the radio to sleep. for her baby (비교) She turned off the radio to sleep. (부사목적) (b) of + 목적격 * 사람의 성질을 나타내는 형용사( kind, nice, foolish, wise, clever, cruel, stupid, good, bad, rude….) => 의미상 주어 : of + 목적격 It is kind to say so. (you) (= You are very kind to say so.) It was wise not to spend the money. (he) of you of him

He is very cruel to kill a dog. (O) (참조) He is very cruel to kill a dog. (O) => It is very cruel of him to kill a dog. (O) You are necessary to go there. (X) => It is necessary for you to go there. (O) ☞ ( necessary, impossible, natural, difficult ..) 위와 같은 형용사는 사람을 주어로 쓸 수 없음.

부 정 사 시 제 1. 단순부정사(to+동사 원형): 본문시제와 일치 He seems to be ill. = He seemed to be ill. I expect him to succeed. :(기대, 희망 동사 ) (= I expect that .)☞ 3.미래부정사 참조 It seems that he is ill. It seemed that he was ill. he will succeed 2. 완료부정사(to+have+P.P.): 본문시제보다 과거 He seems to have been ill. = He seemed to have been ill. It seems that he was (= has been) ill. It seemed that he had been ill.

3. 미래부정사 원하는 내용이 미래(기대,희망 등)인 ‘미래동사’ (hope, wish, promise, want, expect,be likely, intend, remember …) 다음의 부정사 =>시제는 미래시제 I hope to learn English. = He expects to succeed. I expect him to succeed. He is likely to resign. I promised that I would help her. I hope that I shall learn English. He expects that he will succeed. I expect that he will succeed. It is likely that he will resign. I promised to help her.

= 주어 + (had + 미래동사P.P) + 단순부정사 4. 과거에 이루지 못한 소망 표현 : (미래동사) (형식) 주어 + (미 래 동 사 과 거) + 완료부정사 = 주어 + (had + 미래동사P.P) + 단순부정사 I hoped to have seen her yesterday. = (뜻): I had hoped to see her yesterday. I hoped to see her yesterday, but I couldn’t. ( 시도 했지만 바람만 맞았다 : 결과를 언급) ※(비교): 주어 + 미래동사 과거 + 단순부정사 I hoped to see her yesterday. (뜻): I hoped that I should see her yesterday. (만나길 바랬다 : 단순한 희망 사항 )