Ch03. Perfect and Perfect Progressive Tenses Understanding and Using English Grammar Ch03. Perfect and Perfect Progressive Tenses 정샘 영어 Academy

Context Present Perfect Tense with Time Expressing Prepositions: During, For, In Present Perfect with already, yet, and still Present Perfect Progressive Past Perfect Past Perfect Progressive

1. Present Perfect Anna has just gone to sleep. // 과거의 불명확한 시간에 발생한 경우 Have you ever visited Mexico? I have never seen snow. I have already seen that movie. Jack hasn’t seen it yet. // 과거 vs. 현재완료 비교 They have moved into a new apartment. // 불명확하한 시점 They moved into a new apartment last month. // 명확한 시점 현재완료형: have/has + 동사의 PP형 현재완료의 의미 1) 어떤 행위/사건이 과거의 불명확 한 시점에서 발생해서 완료된 경우 (한번 또는 여러번) 주의: 구체적인 시간이 표현될 경 우 완료사용 불가. 과거시제만 가 능 반복행위시 times, so far, for, since, up to now등의 시간의 부사 구(절) 사용 기간표시 부사구(절): so far, for, since, up to now Since가 이끄는 절은 과거형 I have got a problem. // have got은 완료형이 아님 We have had four tests so far this semester. I have flown on an airplane many times. I have built the house for the last 3 months. I have met many people since I came here in June. I saw that movie 3 times yesterday. (O) I have seen that movie 3 times yesterday. (X) // 구체적 시점이라 I have been here since seven o’clock. // since + 구 I have liked cowboy movies ever since I was a child. // since 절 I have lived in Busan for 3 years. (O) // 현재 부산에 살고있음 I lived in Busan for 3 years. (O) // 현재 부산에 살고있지않음 2) 어떤 사건/행위/상태가 과거의 어는 불명확 시점에서 시작되어 현 재까지 지속된 경우 since + 구, 절 for + 시간의 명사구 now start now start now start

2. Tense with Time Expressing Prepositions over a week (X), over the week (O), over past few years, over Christmas, during a week (X), during the week (O) // over, during + 비 숫자표현 for a week (O), for the week (X) // for + 숫자표현과 함께 over, during vs. for - 의미: ~동안 Over와 During은 특정 기간이나 그 기간의 어떤 시점을 나타낼 경우에만 쓰며 보통 정관사나 지시대명사가 이끄는 어구와 함께 For는 구체적인 숫자표현만 가능 My son has grown a lot over the summer. // for the summer (X) My father has been in hospital during the summer. My father has been in hospital for six weeks. // during six weeks (X) It rained during the night for two or three hours. I'll call in and see you for a few minutes during the afternoon. // for the afternoon (X) // 특정 기간을 의미하면 during / in 둘 다 가능 We'll be on holiday during/in August. I woke up during/in the night. during vs. in - 둘 다 특정 기간을 의미하면 (기간 내에 무슨 일이 발생한 경우) 사용가능 - 기간 전체을 의미하는 whole 등이 나오면 during만 가능 기간이 아니라 경험, 이벤트, 활동 등을 이야기 할 때 during만 사용 가능 - In이 부정문에서 사용될 경 우 for 와 같이 up to present 의 의미로 완료시제와 결합 // 기간 전체를 의미하면 during만 가능(whole 때문에) The shop's closed during the whole of August. //in the whole of August (X) // event, activity, experience를 언급할 경우는 during만 가능 He had some strange experiences during his military service. // in his ~ (X) I'll try to call you during the meeting. // in the meeting (X) I met them during my stay in China. I haven’t seen Jim in a year. // 완료부정문은 in전사치구와 결합 I haven’t seen Jim in ages.

3. Present Perfect with Yet/Already/Still We have already written our reports. Anna has already read the book. already는 완료긍정문에: - have/has + already + PP yet: 부정문: 아직 ~ 않다 긍정문: 여전히(=still) - 의문문: 벌써 - have/has + not + PP + yet // 부정문: 아직 ~ 않다 We haven’t written our report yet. The CEO hasn’t decided what to do yet. //긍정문: 아직, 아직도 (= still) He is yet alive. = He is still alive. 그는 아직도 살아 있다 He has yet much to do. 그는 아직도 할 일이 많다 //의문문: 벌써(= already), 지금, 이제 Have you finished with the paper yet? 이제 신문을 다 읽었습니까? = Have you finished with the paper already? (놀라면서) 벌써 신문을 다 읽었습니까? Is it raining yet? 지금 비가 오고 있습니까? = Is it still raining? 아직도 비가 오고 있습니까? Jim has yet to learn the chapter. = Jim hasn’t learned the chapter. We have yet to decide what to do with the money. = We haven’t decided what to do 주의: yet이 긍정문에서 to부 정사와 함께 쓰이면 부정의 의미: 아직 ~하지 않았다 - has/have + yet + to부정사 // 주의: still은 의미에 따라 완료형인지 현재형인지 구분 We still haven't solved the main problem. // 아직 I still don't understand the contract. Can you take me through it again? //여전히 He still suffers considerable discomfort from his injury. //아직도 still: 여전히, 아직도

3. Present Perfect Progressive Right now I am sitting at my desk. (a) I have been sitting here since seven o’clock. (b) I have been sitting here for two hours. (c) You have been studying for five straight hours. Why don’t you take a break? (d) It has been raining all day. It is still raining right now. 현재완료1: have/has + been + 동사의 ing 형 어떤 행위/사건/상태가 과거 의 어느 불명확한 시점에서 시작되어 현재까지 지속된 경 우, 그 기간을 강조하기 위해 현재완료진행은 for, since, all day, all morning, all week 등의 표현과 결합 동사가 stative 인 경우 진 해형을 쓸 수 없음. 이 경우 현재 완료를 사용해야 함. (e) I have known Alex since he was a child. (f) I have been knowing Alex since he was a child. (X) //stative verb I have been thinking about changing my major. All students have been studying hard. Final exams start next week. My back hurts, so I have been sleeping on the floor lately. The bad is too soft. 현재완료진행이 어떤 시간 을 암시하는 단어가 없이 사 용되는 경우, 최근에 진행중 인 일반적인 행위/사건에 대 해 묘사 lately, recently의 단어와 결합 I have lived here since 1980. I have been living here since 1980. He has worked at the same store for ten years. He has been working at the same store for ten years. live, work, teach등의 동 사는 현재완료/현재완료진행 에서 for나 since와 결합시 의미상의 차이가 거의 없음. now start now start (recently)

4. Past Perfect now Sam had already eaten the dinner by the time I got home. The girl simply worked in. Someone had forgotten to lock the door. Until yesterday, I had never heard about it. I had hoped to know about English grammar before the exam. 과거완료형: had + PP 과거완료의 용법: 과거의 어느 한 행위/사건이 과거의 다른 행위/ 사건 이전에 발생했거나 발생하기 를 원했던 경우  따라서 과거완료는 과거의 특 정시점을 알려주는 접속사나 부 사와 함께 사용: - 접속사: by the time, when, until, after, before - 부사: already when절은 의미상 주절보다 먼 저발생한일지만 과거형 사용가능 Before, after 절을 쓸경우, 과 거완료대신 단순 과거 사용가능. 전후 관계가 분명하기 때문 주의: during과 for는 기간 (duration)의 의미지만, 과거 및 완료시제 모두 가능 Sam had already left when Anna got there. Sam had already left before Anna got there. (O) // 과거완료 Sam already left before Anna got there. (O) // 과거 After the guests had left, I went bed. (O) After the guests left, I went bed. (O) Wages have fallen by more than twenty percent during the past two months. American business in Britain during the 1950s grew much faster than British business.

5. Past Perfect Progressive The police had been looking for the criminal for two years before they caught him. Tom finally came at six o’clock. I had been waiting for him since two-thirty. 과거완료진행형: had been + ing형 과거완료의 용법: 과거의 어느 한 행위/사건이 과거의 다 른 행위/사건 이전에 진행된 경우, 그 기 간을 강조하기 위해 (emphasizes the duration of an activity that was in progress before another activity or time in the past.) 따라서 과거완료진행은 시간의 경과 를 알려주는 부사구/절과, 과거의 시점 을 알려주는 부사구 나 절과 함께 사용 for , since before, after가 이끄는 시간부사절 When Judy got home, her hair was still wet because she had been swimming. I went to Jane’s house after the funeral. Her eyes were red because she had been crying. 과거완료의 용법2: 과거의 어느 한 행위/사건이 과거의 다른 행위/사건/상태의 매우 가까운 시간에 진행된 경우 now start