1 Ch 09. Modals 1 정샘 영어 Academy Understanding and Using English Grammar

정샘 영어 Academy 2 Context Modal Auxiliaries: Meaning What is Mood? Verbs forms in Mood Modal Auxiliaries: Introduction Making Requests with I as the subject with You as the subject Imperative request Expressing Necessity ( 당위성의 표현 ) Necessity: Must, have to Lacking of Necessity: don’t have to, don’t need to Prohibition: must not Expressing Advisability: Should, ought to, had better Expressing Suggestion Let’s, Why don’t we, shall I/we Could vs. Should Hindsight Advisability &Suggestion - should have + PP - could have + PP Expressing Expectation Be supposed to Expressing Degree of Certainty Present time Present time negative Past time Past time negative Future time Future time negative Expressing Possibility and Ability: Can, Could Expressing Habitual Expressing Preference Appendix Summary of Will Summary of Would Summary of Could Summary of Can Summary of Must Summary of Should Part IPart II

정샘 영어 Academy 3 1. Modal Auxiliaries: Meaning Modal = Related to Mood Mood = Speaker 가 말하려는 의도에 사용되는 단어 형식 (verb forms that are used to signal modality) / (a state of mind at a particular time )) = each of several forms of a verb, indicating whether the verb is expressing a fact ( INDICATIVE), a wish, possibility or doubt (SUBJUNCTIVE) or a command (IMPERATIVE) Modality = 표현된 문장에서 Speaker 의 말하려는 의도 (believability, obligatoriness, desirability, or reality ) 의 정도 Auxiliaries = 보조의 helping or supporting + Modal Auxiliaries: 문장에서 화자가 말하려는 의도의 정도에 대한 표현을 보조하는데 사용되는 단어들 또는 단의 형식 =

정샘 영어 Academy 4 2. What is Mood ( 화법 )? Modality = Mood 무엇을 (What to be said- 화자가 말하려는 의도의 정도를 ) 어떻게 표현하는가에 (How to be said) 대한 문장형식 또는 동사 형식 동사와 문장기 준 구 분 Sentence Modality deals with sentence types, such as - Indicative (a statement, 직설법 또는 평서문 ). interrogative (a question, 의문문 ),. exclamatory (an exclamation, 감탄문 ),. optative (a wish, 기원문 ): May God bless you!. Injunctive (prohibition, 금지문 ) - imperative (a command, 명령법 ): absolutely essential or urgent. - Subjunctive ( 가정법 ?: 비사실문, 비현재문 ) Verb Modality deals with the modal verbs and the mood of verbs. 의미면 에서의 구분 Realis moods ( 진실모드 ) 화자가 말하는 내용의 사실성 / 현재성을 의미 ( 암시 ) 하는 표현형식 Indicative(= declarative) mood Irrealis moods ( 비진실모드 ) 화자가 말하는 내용의 비사실성 / 비현재성을 의미 ( 암시 ) 하는 표현 형 식 : Subjunctive mood: is a verb mood typically used in dependent clauses to express wishes, commands, emotion, possibility, judgment, opinion, necessity, or statements that are contrary to fact at present.verbmooddependent clauses

정샘 영어 Academy 5 3. Verb forms in Mood? 현재시제과거시제 Indicative( 직설법 ) 말하는 이의 행동이나 상 태를 사실로 인정하고 서 술하는 법. Subjunctive( 가정법 / 비현 재법 ) 어떤 동작이나 상태가 비 현실적인 가정이나 바람 임을 전제하고 말하는 법 indicativesubjunctive To own I ownWe ownI ownWe ownI ownedWe ownedI ownedWe owned You own You owned She/he/it owns They ownShe/he/it own They ownShe/he/it owned They owned She/he/it owned They owned To be I amWe areI beWe beI wasWe wereI wereWe were You are You be You were She/he/it isThey areShe/he/it be They beShe/he/it was They wereShe/he/it were They were

정샘 영어 Academy 6 4. Modal Auxiliaries 의 특징 특징 1) 형 변화가 없다. : 단수, 복수, 1,2,3 인칭 모 두 동일 He may know the answer. (O) He mays know the answer. (X) 2) 부정형, 의문형, 태그형을 만들때 조동사 do/does 를 사용 안함 Can you swim? (O) Do you can swim? (X) He shouldn’t be doing that, should he? He doesn’t should… (X) 3) Modal Auxiliary 다음에는 동사원형 I must watch the soccer game. I may not be working tomorrow. She was so angry she could have killed him. 4) 조동사 자체적으로는 to 부정사 형태나 Participle 형태 (ing, ed 폼 ) 가 없음 To must, musting, musted (X) 5) 조동사자체적으로는 to 부정사 형태나 Participle 형태 (ing, ed 폼 ) 가 없으나, 과거시 제의 경우 완료형과 결합 You should have told me you were coming. I think I may have annoyed Aunt Mary. 6) 의미상의 주어 (Preparatory subject) 와 조 동사가 같이 쓰일경우 be 동사가 주로 쓰인 다 There may be rain later today.

정샘 영어 Academy 7 5. Making Requests: with I as the subject May I Could I (a) May I (please) borrow your pen?  Yes, certainly.  Yes, of course.  Sure. (informal)  OK, no problem.  Sorry. (b) Could I borrow your pen? (c) Might I borrow your pen? (very formal) May I, Could I 는 상대에게 permission 을 요청하는 문장. 모두 공 손한 표현 Can I Can I borrow your pen? // 허락을 상대방에게 요청할 때 You can have 10 minute break now. // 허락해줄때 You can use my car if you need. // = permission Can I 주로 잘 아는 친한 관계에게 permission 을 요청하는 경우. May I 보다 덜 공손한 표현 Can 이 평서문에 사용되면 ability 외 에 허락 (permission) 을 의미 = I allow you to have 10 min break = I allow you to use my car May I Could I Can I Might I

정샘 영어 Academy 8 6. Making Requests: with you as the subject Would you Will you (a) Would you pass the sugar (please)?  Yes, I’d happy to. Yes, I’d be glad to.  Certainly. Sure. ( Informal)  I’d like to, but ~ ( 부정적인 답변시 ) (b) Will you (please) pass me the salt? Would you, will you 는 상대에 게 polite 하게 요청하는 문장. Would you 와 Could you 는 동일 한 의미. but Would you = Do you want to do this please? Could you = Do you want to do this please, and is it possible for you to do this? Could youCould you pass the sugar? Can youCan you pass the sugar? (informal) 덜 공손한 표현 Would you Would you mind Will you Could you Can you

정샘 영어 Academy 9 6. Making Requests: with you as the subject (Cont.) Would you mind if I + past: 상대 에게 나의 행위 에 대해 허락을 구할 때 Would you mind if I closed the window? = Would you mind my closing the window? = Is it ok for you if I close the window?  No, not at all / No, of course not.  No that would be fine. / OK. No problem.  Yes, I do. // 창문 닫지 말아라. 내가 싫다 ( 거절시 ) would you mind if I+ simple past = would you mind my + ing 폼 제가 ~ 하면 꺼려하십니까 ? No 로 대답하면 꺼려하지 않 는다는 의미 Yes 로 대답하면 꺼려한다는 의미 Would you mind + ( 소유격 ) + ing: 상대에게 무엇 인가를 요청할 때 또는 소유격 의 행위에 대해 상대방에게 허 락을 구할 때 Would you mind closing the window? = Would you please close the window? = Would you mind your closing the window?  No. I’d be happy to. / No. Not at all. I’d be glad to. would you mind + ing = would you mind your + ing = 당신이 ~ 해주시면 꺼려하 십니까 ? No 로 대답하면 꺼려하지 않 는다는 의미 Yes 로 대답하면 꺼려한다는 의미

정샘 영어 Academy Making Requests: Imperative Requests (a) Shut the door.  (You) shut the door. (b) Be on time.  (You) be on time. (c) Don’t shut the door.  You don’t shut the door. (d) Don’t be late. 명령문의 경우 주어가 이미 의미를 이 해했기 때문에 주어를 생략. (e) Turn right at the second lights. 상대방에게 방향등을 알려줄때 명령문 사용 (f) Please shut the door. // 공손한 표현 (g) Shut the door, please. 명령문에 please 를 더하면 공손한 표현 이 됨 (h) Have a seat, won’t you? (i) Shut the door, would you? // formal situation (j) Shut the door, could you? // formal situation 명령문에 tag question 을 더하면 공손한 표현이 됨

정샘 영어 Academy Expressing Necessity( 필수, 필요성 ) Present /Future Drivers must acquire drive license to drive on the road. Drivers have to acquire drive license to drive on the road. must, have to 는 necessity ( 필수성 ) 을 표현 have to 가 must 보다 더 일반적으로 사용되며, must 가 좀 더 강한 의미. I have got to leave now. (informal) = I have to leave now. = I’ve gotta go = I gotta go have got to 는 have to 와 동일한 의미 got to 의 축임은 ‘gotta’ PastHe had to leave soon. I had to leave soon. 과거형은 had to

정샘 영어 Academy Expressing Necessity: Lack of and Prohibition Lack of Necessity Tomorrow is holiday. You don’t have to go to school. = You don’t need to go to school. = You need not to go to school. // British English 부정문에서 must 와 have to 는 다른의미 don’t have to 는 lack of necessity 의 의미 ProhibitionYou must not tell the secret to anybody. You mustn’t use illegal drugs.//must not 의 축약 must not 은 prohibition 의 의미

정샘 영어 Academy Expressing Advisability: Should, Ought to, Had better Present/ Future You should study hard in order to pass the exam. = It is a good idea for you to study hard. It’s my advice. You ought to study hard in order to pass the exam. = It is important for you to study hard. The gas tank is almost empty. You had better stop at the next gas station. = I warn you to stop at the next gas station. Ought to 는 should 보다 강 한 의미 Had better + 동사 원형 : ought to 보다 의미. 일종의 경고의 의미를 가짐 had better > ought > should You should not leave your wallet in the car. = It is not a good idea to leave your wallet in the car. You’d better not be late. should not: ~ 해서는 안된 다 Had better 는 ‘d better 로 축약 Had better 의 부정은 had better not Past Advisabil ity 상황 : I failed my math exam. -- You should have studied for the exam. // you made a mistake = It was important for you to study, but you didn’t study. You made a mistake. 과거에 이미 발생한 일에 대한 충고는 의미상 그렇게 했었어야 했는데 그렇지 못 했다라는 의미.

정샘 영어 Academy Expressing Suggestion: Let’s, Why don’t we, Shall we Why don’t you/we… (a) Let’s go to a movie. (b) It’s raining. Let’s not leave now. Let’s stay here more. (c) Why don’t we go to a movie? (d) Why don’t you come here at 7:00? = I suggest that you come here at 7:00. (d) Why don’t’ I give Jim a call? = Should I give Jim a call? Do you agree with my suggestion? Let’s go = Why don’t we go Why don’t 은 주로 구어 체에서 사용 되며 친근한 제안을 할때 사용 Shall I…Shall I open the window? = I suggest that I open the window. Do you agree with my suggestion Shall we leave at 2:00 PM? Is that OK? Let’s go, shall we? Let’s go, OK? (informal) shall + I / We 는 상대에 게 제안을하고 그 제안에 찬성하는지를 물음. Let’s 는 shall we? 라는 tag 의문문 사용

정샘 영어 Academy Expressing Suggestion (Cont.): Should & Could Future/Pr esent Suggesti on What should we do tomorrow? (a) Why don’t we go to a movie? (b) We could go to a movie. 상황 : I’m having trouble in my math class. (c) You should talk to your teacher. = I believe it is important for you to talk to your teacher about your problem. This is what I recommend. (d) You could talk to you’re your teacher. Or You could ask Jim to help you. Or I could try to help you. = I have some possible suggestions for you. It is possible for you to talk to your teacher. Or it is also possible for you to ask Jim… Could 는 제안 할때 사용 Should 는 명확한 제안 (definite suggestion) 을 할때 사용 Could 는 possible suggestion 를 제안할때 사용 you might talk to your teacher 도 같은 의미. Past Suggesti on (= hindsight suggestion or possibility) 상황 : I failed my math exam. -- You should have talked to your teacher. // you made a mistake = It was important for you to ask your teacher for help, but you didn’t do it. You made a mistake. -- You could have talked to your math teacher. Or you could has asked Anna to help you. // you missed a good opportunity = You had the chance to talk to your teacher or ask Anna. It was possible for you to do this or that. But you didn’t. You missed some good opportunities. should have + pp 는 때늦은 제안이나 충고을 의미 (hindsight advice). should have talked: ~ 와 애 기 할 수 있었는데 결국 안 했 다 (hindsight advice) Jim was supposed to go to school this morning.  Jim didn’t go to school this morning. was supposed to 는 should have+PP 와 같은 의미. is supposed to 는 미래의 의 미 (~ 해야 한다 )

정샘 영어 Academy Expressing Expectation ( 기대 ) Present/ Future (a) The game starts at 10:00 (b) The game will start at 10:00 (c) The game is supposed to start at 10:00 //10 시에 시작하기로 되 어있다. = I expect the game to begin at 10:00 (d) The game is to start at 10:00 Someone 이 something 이 일어나기를 원할때 쓰는 표 현. Is supposed to 와 is to 는 예정된 사건이나 정확한 진 행이 일어나기를 기대 할때 사용하는 표현. c 와 d 는 same 비교 I should go to the meeting now. = It is good idea for me to go to the meeting. I am supposed to go to the meeting now // 미팅에 가야 되. = someone expects (requires) me to go to the meeting. I must to go to the meeting. The meeting cannot occur without me. I’m the only one who has the information. // necessity 표현 I am to go to the meeting. My boss ordered me to be there. He will accept no excuse. // expectation 표현 Is supposed to 와 is to 는 또한 누군가가 어떤 사건이 나 행위를 기대할때 사용 Be to 는 strong expectation 의미. Order 나 demand 수준