Fundamental English Grammar Ch09. Comparisons 정샘 영어 Academy

Context Comparative Adjectives: Introduction What are comparative adjectives? What are superlative adjectives? Rules for Forming Comparative & Superlative Forms Irregular Comparatives and Superlatives Equal Comparison Unequal Comparison Unequal Comparison의 강조 Illogical Comparison (잘못된 비교) Multiple Number Comparatives Repeating a Comparative Double Comparatives: The + 비교급, The + 비교급 Negative Comparatives: No Sooner Comparison without ‘than’: using ‘Of the two’ Superlatives 유사 비교급 표현

1. Comparative Adjectives: Introduction There are 3 types of adjectives. The positive has no comparison. Positive Comparatives Superlatives long long er the longest funny funn ier the funniest modern more modern most modern good better best

What is an Comparative adjective? 2. What are Comparative Adjectives? What is an Comparative adjective? It’s a word which describes a noun and express the idea of ‘more’ to the noun faster bigger More expensive car Comparative adjectives noun fast big expensive car adjectives noun

Comparative Adjectives express the idea of ‘Max or Most’ 3. What are “Superlative Adjectives”? Comparative Adjectives express the idea of ‘Max or Most’ fast -est His car is fast. Your car is faster. But my car is the fastest.

4. Rules for Forming Comparative & Superlative Forms 원급 형용사 비교급 형용사 최상급 형용사 one syllable adjectives/adverbs Long Fast hard 원급 + er Longer Faster Harder The 원급 + est The longest The fastest The hardest two syllable adjectives Famous Pleasant More + 원급 More famous More pleasant The most + 원급 The most famous The most pleasant ending in –y Busy Funny 원급 + (y i) + er Busier Funnier The 원급 + (y i) + est The busiest The Funniest Clever Friendly Cleverer More clever Friendlier More friendly The cleverest The most clever The friendliest The most friendly three or more syllable adjectives Modern More modern The most modern -LY adverbs Slowly carefully More slowly More carefully The most slowly The most carefully irregular adjectives/adverbs Good (형용사) Well (부사) Better The best

5. Irregular Comparatives and Superlatives 원급 비교급 최상급 Far Farther(거리, 시간상) 더 멀리 Further(공간적) 더 멀리, Rome is farther from London than Paris is. The farther side of the bay (만의 저쪽) Further training would improve your job prospects. prevent further oil/chemical spillages. The farthest The Furthest Little less The Least Much Many more The Most Good (형) Well (부) better The best Bad (형) Badly (부) worse The worst

6. Equal Comparison 1) S + V + as/so + 형용사,부사 + as + 주어 + (동사) 2) S + V + the same + (명사) + as + 주어 + (동사) 1) as + 형/부사 + as 구조 Anna is 21 years old. Sam is 21. = Anna is as old as Sam (is). Tom came as quickly as he could. //as+부사 This grammar book is as good as yours. // yours = your book 비교 대상은 주격, 소유격, 목적격, 또는 부정칭 대명사 one 가능 His car runs as fast as a race car (runs). // 비교대상주어가 일반주어 His job is as difficult as mine. // 비교대상 주어가 소유격, mine = my job = His job is so difficult as mine. Their house is as expensive as that one. // 비교대상 주어가 부정대명사 one = house Tom is 20. Jim is 21.Amy is 5. Tom is not as old as Jim. = Tom is not so old as Jim. His job is not as difficult as mine. // mine = my job = His job is not so difficult as mine. Equal Comparison의 부정 - not + as (so) … as

6. Equal Comparison (Cont.) 1) S + V + as/so + 형용사,부사 + as + 주어 + (동사) 2) S + V + the same + (명사) + as + 주어 + (동사) 2) the same + (명사) + as 구조 // 명사는 생략가능 He speaks Korean. She speaks Korean. = He speaks the same language as she (speaks). She is as tall as I. = She is the same height as I (am). // the same + 명사 + as the same +명사 +as 은 명사를 중심 으로 비교할떄 사용. These trees are the same as those. His address is the same as Anna’s. My watch is the same as yours. // 같은 종류(동일한 제품). Yours = your watch His language is not the same as hers. the same as 는 같 은 종류(동일 제품)를 의미 My nationality is different from hers. // My라는 소유격 때문에 소유격이 비교대상 Our climate is different from Canada’s. // Our 라는 소유격 The same as 의 반 대말은 different from 이지 different than 이 아님.

6. Equal Comparison (Cont..): 동등비교의 강조 As (so) + much/many/few/less + 명사 + as Jim earns as much money as Tom. I have as little money as Tom. They have as few classes as we. Jim’s traveled as many countries as I do. 동등비교급의 determiners (강 조) - as much + 불가산명사 - as many + 가산명사 - as few + 가산/불가산 - as less + 불가산명사 - as little + 불가산명사 Anna is just as old as Sam. //just= exactly Anna is nearly as old as Sam. Anna is almost as old as Sam. Tom isn’t quite as old as Jim. // quite는 부정형 문장에서만 사용 Amy isn’t nearly as old as Jim. 동등비교급의 modifiers - just - nearly - almost - quite : 부정형 문장만 주의: 비교급 modifier가 있는 문장의 부정 - not quite as … as = a small difference - not nearly as …as = a big difference

7. Unequal Comparison “A” is older than “B”. 1. Adjective + er Adverb + er than + more fewer less 2. + 명사/형용사/부사 + than Unequal Comparison 1: -er than “A” is older than “B”. “A” and “B” are older than “ C” and “D”. I’m older than my brother (is). I’m older than he is. I’m older than him. // informal than 다음에 목적 격이 올 수 있는데 이는 informal He works harder than I do. // I do = I work I arrived earlier than they did. // they did = they arrived 조동사 가 비교 대상 주어 다음에 올 수 있음 Anna’s hair is longer than Kate’s // kate’s = kate’s hair Jim’s apartment is smaller than mine. // mine = my apartment 비교 대상이 소 유격 명사 또는 목 적격 대명사 가능 Unequal Comparison 2: more/fewer/less + 명사,형,부 + + than He visits his family less frequently than she does. February has fewer days than March. 명사를 비교할때 는 count noun 이 냐 non-count noun이냐를 잘 구 분해서 determiner 를 사용

7. Unequal Comparison (Cont.) more/fewer/les s + 명사,형,부 + + than Anna is taller than Tom. = Anna is more tall than Tom. //주의 Anna is more taller than Tom. (X) // 비교급이 둘 비교급이 둘이 동시에 사용될 수 없음 more/fewer/less 다음 에는 반드시 형용사 원 급, 부사, 또는 명사 사 용 Would you like some more coffee? Would you like some more? //more 다음의 명사는 생략가능 I have more books than she. // more + 명 This chair is more comfortable than the wood sofa. // more + 형 He speaks more fluently than I (do). // more + 부사 There are more people in China than there are in the United States. Hyundai cars are less expensive than Toyota cars. // 2음절이상인 경우 = Hyundai cars are not as expensive as Toyota cars. A pen is not as large as a book. // 단음절인 경우 A pen is less large than a book. (X) 단음절인 경우 as…as 만 가능

8. Unequal Comparison의 강조 much / far / a lot / a little bit older + much / far / a lot / a little bit more old /money (형용사, 부사,불가산 명사) + many / far / a lot / a little bit more opportunities (가산 명사) + Tom is very old. Anna drives very carefully. Tom is very older than I am. (X) Anna drives very more carefully than she used to. (X) 차등비교급의 modifier로 very 사용 불가 Tom is older than I (am). Tom is much/a lot/far older than I am. (O) = Tom is far more old than I. (O) Tom is a little (bit) older than I am. Tom is a little (bit) older than me. // informal Anna drives much/ a lot/far more carefully than she used to. (O) His car is far better than yours. A watermelon is much sweeter than a lemon. 비교급의 modifier들: - much (불가산) - many (가산) - a lot, - far - a little (bit) Jim’s watch is far more expensive than mine. // far+ more+ 형용사 He speaks English much more rapidly than she does Spanish. // far+ more+ 부사 She dances much more artistically than her predecessor. // much + more + 부사 This honey is much sweeter than sugar. // much + 비교급 more/fewer/less 다음에는 반드시 형용 사 원급, 부사, 또는 명사 사용

9. Illogical Comparison (잘못된 비교) Anna likes her dog better than her husband. // unclear  Anna likes her dog better than her husband does. // does = like the dog  Anna likes her dog better than she does husband does. // does = likes His drawings are as perfect as his instructor. (X) // 비교 대상의 잘못 Drawings vs. instructor His drawings are as perfect as his instructor’s. (O) Instructor’s (=instructor’s drawings) vs. his drawing 비교급에서 비교 대 상은 동일한 자격을 가 져야 한다. The salary of a professor is higher than a secretary. (X) Salary vs. secretary The salary of a professor is higher than that of a secretary. (O) The salary of vs. that of The duties of a policeman are more dangerous than a teacher. (X) Duties vs. teacher. The duties of a policeman are more dangerous than those of a teacher. (O)  Those of vs. the duties of Classes in the university are more difficult than those in high school. (O) Your accent is not as strong as my mother’s. (O) // mother’s = mother’s accent The climate in Florida is as mild as that of California. (O) // that of = the climate of

10. Multiple Number Comparatives S + V + Noun pronoun Twice Three times Half, … As Much (noun) as As many (noun) as This book costs twice as much as the other one. Jim ate three times as many oysters as Anna. Tom has half as many CDs now as I had last year. 비교급에서 비교 대 상은 동일한 자격을 가져야 한다.

11. Repeating a Comparative Because he was afraid, he walked faster and faster. Life in the modern world is becoming more and more complex. 비교급의 반복은 무엇인가가 진행적으로 질,농도,양,크기 등 이 커지고 있는 상태를 강조

12. Double Comparatives: The + 비교급, The + 비교급 S + V S + V, The more + S + V S + V, The + 비교급 The hotter it is, the more miserable I feel. The higher we flew, the worse Anna felt. The bigger they are, the harder they fall. The sooner you take the medicine, the better you will feel. 의미: ~머머 할 수록 더욱 ~하다. The more you study, the smarter you will become. The more you rowed the boat, the farther away he got. The more he saves money, the higher the price of a house goes.

13. Negative Comparatives: no sooner + S + V 조동사 + S + V than S No longer + V + No sooner had we started out for California, than it stared to rain. No sooner will he arrive, than he will want to live. No sooner had she entered the building, than she felt the presence of somebody else. No sooner = as soon as 부정형 부사가 문두에 오 면 그 문장은 도치 Tom no longer studies at the university. = Tome does not study at the university anymore. Anna may no longer use the car because it’s more than 15 years old. = Anna may not use the car anymore No longer = not anymore

14. Comparison without ‘than’: using ‘Of the two’ S + V + The + 비교급 More + 원급 Of the two noun Noun, Anna is the smarter of the two women. = Of the two women, Anna is the smarter. Of the two shirts, this one is the prettier. Of the two books, this one is more interesting. 일반적으로 비교 대상이 2 개인경우: 비교급, 3개 이상 인 경우: 최상급

15. Superlatives S + V the Adjective + est Most + adjective Least + adjective In + 단수 /group Of +복수 + + + Anna drove more cautiously than Jim. // 부사의 비교급 Anna drove the most cautiously of all. // 부사의 최상급 in + the (this..) + group명 - in the world, - in the team, - in the class of + 복수형 (대)명사 - of all - of them Anna is the smartest in the class. Tom is the shortest of the family. David is the most generous person I have ever known. Irene plays the most recklessly of all. These shoes are the least expensive of all. Korea is one of the most successful countries in Economic Kuwait is one of the biggest oil producers in the world. Ali is one of the best students in this class. = One of the best students in this class is Ali. One of the + 최상급+ 복수 형 명사 + 단수동사 // 참고: 2개 비교시 최상급 사용하는 경우 I like Anna and Mary, but I think Anna's the nicer of the two. (O) I like Anna and Mary, but I think Anna's nicest of the two. (O) I'll give you the bigger/biggest steak: I'm not very hungry. 일반적으로 비교 대상이 2개 인경우: 비교급, 3개 이상인 경우: 최상급, 그러나 2개을 비 교하더라도 최상급으로 표현 ( 주의: 이를 잘못된 표현이라 고 생각하는 학자도 있음)

16. Superlative의 강조 Tom is very old. Anna drives very carefully. Tom is very older than I am. (X) Anna drives very more carefully than she used to. (X) 비교급의 modifier로 very 사용 불가 Tom is older than I (am). Tom is much/a lot/far older than I am. (O) = Tom is far more old than I. (O) Tom is a little (bit) older than I am. Tom is a little (bit) older than me. // informal Anna drives much/ a lot/far more carefully than she used to. (O) His car is far better than yours. A watermelon is much sweeter than a lemon. 비교급의 modifier들: - much/many - a lot - far - a little (bit) Bring out your very best wine - Michael's coming to dinner. You're the very first person I've spoken to today. This is your very last chance. 최상급의 modifier들 (강조) the very + 최상급 the very + first +명사 the very + next +명사 the very + last +명사 much + 최상급 by far + 최상급 quite( = absolutely), nearly, easily, almost, easily, practically + 최 상급 He's much the most imaginative of them all. She's by far the oldest. We're walking by far the slowest. He's quite the most stupid man I've ever met. I'm nearly the oldest in the firm. This is easily the worst party I've been to this year.

16. 유사 비교급 표현 John and Mary have the same books. // same은 반드시 the 와 결합 John and Mary have similar books. John and Mary have different books. the same, similar, different는 비 교급 형용사 역할 명사 and 명사+ V +the same+ 명사 명사 and 명사+ V +similar+ 명사 명사 and 명사+ V +different+ 명사 Their books are the same. Their books are similar. Their books are different. be + the same be + similar be + different This book is the same as that one. This book is similar to that one. This book is different from that one. the same as that + 명사 be similar to that + 명사 be different that + 명사 She is the same age as my mother. My shoes are the same size as yours. 명사가 the same 가 as사이에 올 수 있음 My book is like your book. My book and your book are alike. 명사 + be like + 명사 명사 + and + 명사 + be alike She looks like her sister. It looks like rain. It sounds like thunder. This material feels like silk. That smells like gas. This chemical tastes like salt. Stop acting like a fool. He seems like a nice fellow. The twins look alike. We think alike. Most four-year-olds act alike. My sister and I talk alike. The little boys are dressed alike. Alike는 be동사 이외에 다른 동사뒤 에도 나옴 - looks alike - act alike - think alike