Understanding and Using English Grammar Ch 16. Conjunctions 정샘 영어 Academy

Context 부사(Shortly, soon, long, ten minutes) + 접속사 (After, before..) Conjunctions(접속사): introduction Connecting Ideas within a sentence: And, Or, But Connecting Sentences within a sentence: so, for, yet Connecting Ideas with Paired Conjunctions Both … and Not only … But Also Either … or Neither … Nor Using Auxiliary Verbs after ‘BUT’ and ‘AND’ Using AND + ‘TOO’, ’SO’, ’EITHER’, ’NEITHER’ 부사(Shortly, soon, long, ten minutes) + 접속사 (After, before..)

1. Conjunctions(접속사): Introduction 접속사란? - 절과 절을 연결하여 의미상 2개의 절이 서로 연관되게 만들어주는 단어들 - 문장에서 같은 기능을 하는 단어나 구를 연결하는 단어들 접속사의 종류 1. Coordinating Conjunction(등위접속사): 문법적으로 상호 독립된 절 을 연결하는 접속사 - and, or, but - yet(=but, and yet) - so (=so that, and so)그래 서 - for, (왜냐하면) We brought the food, and they supplied the drink. (addition) She was poor, but she was honest. (contrast) He is rich, yet he is unhappy (contrast) We can go swimming, or we could stay here. (alternative) He locked the window, for there was a strong wind storm outside (cause and effect) The weather was so cold, so we stayed home. (cause and effect) // 참고: 접속사+부사: and so, and yet, and then 2. Subordinating Conjunction(종속접속사): 종속절을 주절과 연결하여 종속절을 문장의 한 부분으 로 존재케하는 단어 - 명사절 - 형용사절 - 부사절 I'll call you tomorrow. // 부사 I'll call you when I arrive. // 시간의 부사절 People disliked her because she was so rude. // 원인의 부사절 He told me a lie. // 명사 - 목적어 He told me that he loved me. // 명사절 - 목적어 역할 It's an unanswerable question. // 형용사 It's a question which nobody can answer. // 형용사절 3. Paired Conjunction (= 상관접속사) 등위상관 Not only … but also Not … but Neither… nor Either … or Both .. And 종속상관 So … that Such … that No sooner … than Hardly .. when (before, than) Scarcely…when (before, than)

2. Connecting Ideas within a sentence: And, Or, But // Comma & Period There was a strong wind storm. It was raining hard. There was a strong wind storm, it was a raining hard. (X) There was a strong wind storm and it was a raining hard. (O) There was a strong wind storm, and it was a raining hard. (O) There was a strong wind storm. And it was a raining hard. (O) and, but, or 같은 등위접속 사.(Coordinating Conjunction) 2개의 완전한 문장을 한 문장으로 연 결시 일반적으로 comma사용 period다음에는 반드시 대문자로 시작 // No commas: I saw a cat and a mouse. //명사+and+명사 Jim and his friends are coming to dinner. //명사+and+명사 Susan raised her hand and snapped her fingers. //동사+and+동사 He is waving his arms and (is) shouting at us. //진행형+and+진행형 Parallel Structure: 등위접속사 (Coordinating Conjunction )에 의해 연결된 단어나 구는 문장내 에서 문법적으로 동등한 자격을 가지며, 이러한 구조를 Parallel Structure라고 함. 한 문장내에서 2개의 단어(구)를 연결할 시 no comma 한 문장내에서 3개이상의 단어 (구)를 연결할 시 comma 사용 - 마지막 and앞의 comma는 생략 가능 These shoes are old but comfortable. //형용사+but+형용사 I went to bed but couldn’t sleep. //동사+but+동사 Is a lemon sweet or sour? He wants to watch TV or (to) listen to some music. // to부+or+ to부정사 Did you order coffee, tea, or milk? // 명사+or+ 명사 I saw a cat, a mouse, and a dog. (O) I saw a cat, a mouse and a dog. (O) //and앞의 comma는 생략가능 Susan raised her hand, snapped her fingers, and asked a question. The colors in that fabric are red, gold, black, and green.

3. Connecting Sentences within a sentence: so, for, yet I am tired, so I went to bed. //접속사 so I am not so tall as him. //비교급에서 부사로서 as의 의미 And, or, but, nor 이외의 다른 접속사 1)so: therefore, as a result 2)for: because 왜냐하면, 그 이유는 3)yet: but, nevertheless 그러나, 그런데 4)nor: ~도 또한 아니다 주의: so, for, yet 이 접속사로 사용시 comma를 반드시 사용 yet의 의미(부사로서) 부정: 아직 ~ 않다 긍정: 여전히 = still 의문문: 벌써 = already He locked the window, for there was a strong wind storm outside. //접속사 for He waited for the bus. //전치사 for She didn’t submitted the assignment, yet he received grade A from the professor. //접속사 yet = but의 의미 He drove quickly yet safely. She hasn’t arrived yet. //부사 yet: 아직 He neither smokes nor drinks. = He does not either smoke or drink. = He doesn't smoke, nor does he drink. // nor + S + V = He doesn't smoke, and neither does he drink. = He doesn't smoke, and he does not drink either. 등의접속사 Nor = and neither = and not ~ either 상관어구: neither A nor B Because prisons help protect society from the most dangerous criminals, then they are important. (X) // 종속접 속사가 있을때, 주절에 다른 접속사 또는 문장부사가 올 수 없음. He came home and then went out. If the weather is cold, then I will stay home. 주의: 한 문장에 등위 접속사와 종속접 속사가 같이 쓰일 수 없음. if절은 예외적으로 then이 나오는 문장 과 결합 가능

4. Connecting Ideas with Paired Conjunctions Both Jim and Anna are going to the park. // only 대신 just, simply, merely, solely, alone 가능. // also 대신 as well, too, in addition, besides 가능. Not only Jim but also Anna is here. // A뿐만아니라 B도 Not only Jim but also Jim’s parents are here. Neither Jim nor Anna is here. Neither Jim nor his friends are here. Either Jim or Anna is going to a park. Either Jim or his friends are going to a park. 2개의 주어가 연결될 경우 Both + A + and + B + 복동 Not only + A + but also + B + B동사 B + as well as A + B동사 Either + A + or + B + B동사 Neither + A + nor + B + B동사 Not A But B : A 가 아니라 B = B but not A not that A but that B A때문이 아니라 B때문이다 = not because A but because B The research project will take both time and money. It not only rained but also snowed yesterday. You can either watch TV or listen to music. //양자택일 His lesson is neither interesting nor beneficial.//양쪽부정 2개의 동사/형용사/명사가 연결될 경우 Both + X + and + Y Not only + X + but also+ Y Either + X + or + Y Neither + X + nor + Y 참고: both + 형용사,명사,부사,전치사,동사 Jim is both talented and handsome. Anna plays both the guitar and the violin. He writes both correctly and neatly. She excels both in music and in science. Tom both plays the piano and compose music 참고: not only+형용사,명사,부사,전치사,동사 Jim is not only talented but also handsome. Anna plays not only the guitar but also the violin. He writes not only correctly but also neatly. Tom not only plays the piano but also compose music. She excels not only in music but also in science.

5. Using Auxiliary Verbs after ‘BUT’ and ‘AND’ I don’t like coffee, but my husband does. // does = like coffee I like tea, but my husband doesn’t. I won’t be here tomorrow, but Jim will. I’ve seen that movie, but Joe hasn’t. He isn’t here, but she is. He isn’t here, but she’s. (X) // 문장끝에서 be동사 축약 안됨 ‘and’, ‘but’, 같은 접속사 뒤에 auxiliary verb( is, do, have, will, can…) 만 올 수 있음. - 앞절의 (조)동사와 동일한 시제 와 같은 조동사 사용함. // either vs. too I don’t like coffee, and Ed doesn’t either. // 부정조동사 + either I don’t like coffee, and Ed doesn’t too. (X) I won’t be here, and ED won’t either. He isn’t here, and Anna isn’t either. I like tea, and ED does too. // 긍정조동사 + too I like tea, and ED does either. (X) I’ve seen that movie, and ED has too. 긍정 + but + 부정 부정 + but + 긍정 긍정 + and + 긍정 부정 + and + 부정

6. Using AND + ‘TOO’, ’SO’, ’EITHER’, ’NEITHER’ Sue works, and Tom does too. Sue works, and so does Tom. 주어 + 긍정조동사 + too so + 긍정조동사 + 주어 Anna doesn’t work, and Jim doesn’t either. Anna doesn’t work, and neither does Jim. 주어 + 부정조동사 + either neither + 긍정조동사 + 주어 I am hungry. I am too. So am I. // 도치된 문장 부사가 문두에 오면 주어와 동 사가 도치가 되는 경우가 많음. I don’t eat meat. I don’t either. Neither do I. //도치 I’m hungry Me too. //informal Me neither. //informal

7. 부사(Shortly, soon, long, ten minutes) + 접속사 (After, before) Mark Twain’s writing career began after shortly the death of his father. (X) // shortly after 가 정답 부사는 명사를 제외한 모 든 품사를 수식할 수 있는데, the death 라는 명사 앞에 shortly가 올 수 없음. 따라 서 shortly after로 써야 함. It was not long before she came. // 오래지 않아