Ch 06. Subject-Verb Agreement Understanding and Using English Grammar Ch 06. Subject-Verb Agreement 정샘 영어 Academy

Context Basics In Expression of Quantity Using Indefinite Nouns Using Paired Conjunction Gerund and Infinitive as Subjects With Binary Nouns(쌍쌍명사) With Collective nouns (집합명사류) 주의 해야 될 주어/동사 일치 Appendix 1. 물주 구문

1. Basics The sun shines. Birds sing. People in my country are friendly. 단수 명사 + 동사-s / -es: 3인 칭 단수동사 현재형 복수 명사-s /es + 동사 My brother lives in Seoul. My brother and sister live in Seoul. 두개이상의주어가 and로 연결 되면 복수동사를 취한다. 예외) each/every man and woman is The glasses [over there under the window by the sink] are clean. My dog, [as well as my cats], likes cat food. 주어와 동사 사이에 phrases (구)가 삽입될 수 있으나 구는 주 어와 동사의 일치에 아무 관련이 없다. There is a book on the desk. There are books on the desk. Here comes the last runner. Here come the last runners. Here she comes. There/here 문장은 진주어와 동 사가 도치된 문장으로 진짜주어 는 동사 다음에 온다. 따라서 동 사는 뒤따르는 명사에 의해 결정 단 There/Here 문장의 의미상 의 주어가 대명사(I, He, She, We, they) 일경우 주어가 항상 동 사 앞에 온다.

2. In Expression of Quantity Some of the + 복수명사 + 복수동사 Some of the + 단수명사(불가산명사) + 단수동사 One, each, every + 단수명사 + 단수동사 One of the, each of the, every one of the + 복수명사 + 단수동사 All + 복명 + 복동 All (of) the + 단명 + 단동, All (of) the + 복명 + 복동 단수 복수 One student was late to the class. Each student was late to the class. Each book and magazine is listed in the catalog. Every man, woman, and child needs love. One of the students was late to the class. Each of the students was late to the class. Every one of the students was late to the class. // 주의: one of + 복수명사 + 관계사 = 복수취급(복수동사) // the only one of + 복수명사 + 관계사 = 단수취급(단수동사 Lincoln was one of the greatest men that were respected. She is one of my friends who understand me. She is the only one of my friends who understands me. Every student was late to the class. = All of the students in my class have … = All the students in my class have… = All students in my class have … = Each one of the students has … All of students must have an ID card. (X) All students take part in extracurricular activities.. All (of) this tiny stitching was done by hand. All of our friends live in Busan. All are agreed. // = all people All is expensive. // = all things All are silent in this room. // = all people All is silent in this room. // = everything The police have managed to retrieve some of the money Some of the workers were on strike.

3. Using Indefinite Pronouns - Anybody, anyone, anything - Nobody, no one, nothing - Somebody, someone, something - Everybody, everyone, everything + 단수동사 Everybody who has not purchased the ticket cannot be in. Nobody studies harder than Jim. Anybody who has lost his ticket cannot be entered. Something was happened yesterday. 부정대명사는 항상 단수 취급 No example is relevant to this case. No examples are relevant to this case. None of the missing children were found. None of the counterfeit money has been found. None are good enough. //none은 과거에는 단수취급, 현대에는 복수취급 Some of the book is good. Some of the books are good. No/None/Some of the 는 of 다음에 오는 명사 에 의해 단복수 결정 - No + 단수명사 + 단수동사 - No + 복수명사 + 복수동사 - None of the + 단수명사 + 단수동사 - None of the + 복수명사 + 복수동사 - None + 복수동사 // 단독으로 쓰이면 복 수 - Some of+단명+단동 - Some of+복명+복동 The number of students in my class is fifteen. A number of students were late to school.

4. Using Paired Conjunctions Neither/Either + 명사 + nor/or + 단수명사 + 단수동사 Neither/Either + 명사 + nor/or + 복수명사 + 복수동사 Not only + 명사 + but also + 단수명사 + 단수동사 Not only + 명사 + but also + 복수명사 + 복수동사 Both + 명사 + and + 명사 + 복수동사 Neither Anna nor Jim is going to the party. Either Anna or Jim is going to the party. Neither Anna nor her friends are going to the party. Either Anna or her friends are going to the party. Neither/ either의 경우 nor/or 뒤에 나오는 명사에 의해 단복 수 결정 참고: both + 형용사,명사,부사,전치사,동사 Jim is both talented and handsome. Anna plays both the guitar and the violin. He writes both correctly and neatly. She excels both in music and in science. Tom both plays the piano and compose music 참고: not only+형용사,명사,부사,전치사,동사 Jim is not only talented but also handsome. Anna plays not only the guitar but also the violin. He writes not only correctly but also neatly. Tom not only plays the piano but also compose music. She excels not only in music but also in science. // 주의: either/neither 가 or /nor 없이 사용되면 단수취급 If either of you takes a day off tomorrow, we will not be able to finish the task. Either of the two answers is wrong. Neither of the answers is right. // Both는 항상 복수 Both My mother and my father are here. // but also 다음에 나오는 명사가 단/복수 결정 Not only my mother but also my father is here. Not only my mother but also my friends are here.

5. Using Gerund, Infinitives as Subjects Playing soccer is fun. Dieting is very popular today. Writing many letters is a way to improve English. Sending a gift makes her happy. 모든 동명사와 To부정사는 항상 단수 취급 Writing many English letters and Reading English newspapers is(또는 are) a way to improve your English. // 하나의 의미로 인식 Running and walking are my favorite sport. // 두개를 각각 별개의 종목 으로 인식 Running and walking is my favorite sport. (X) // 두개를 하나의 종목으로 인식(하나의 운동에 달리고 걷는 종목이 모두 포함된 ) 동명사/To 부정사가 and로 연 결된 경우 - 각각의 내용이 별개로 취급되 면 복수로, 하나의 의미로 취급되 면 단수로 받음 To teach and to learn are different. To get up early and to go to bed early make a man healthy.

6. with Binary Nouns (쌍쌍명사) Binary Noun개념: 단어 자체 의미가 쌍 또는 2개의 부분으로 구성된 단어(as having 2 parts) 단어는 복수형이지만 의미는 하나의 개체로 간주 의미상 하나의 개체지만 형태가 복수형이라 복수 동사와 결합 단수를 만들기 위해서는 a pair of 를 사용 + 단수동사와 결합 종류: 도구(tools), Clothing(주로 하반신쪽에 입는 옷), 광학 렌즈(optical lenses) Sunglasses, goggles, binoculars, glasses, Leggings, pantyhose, jeans, pants, tights, shorts, overalls(위아래가 붙은 작업복) Pliers, forceps(외과용 핀셋,집게), tweezers, chopstick(s) + Plural Verb Sunglasses, goggles, binoculars, glasses, Leggings, pantyhose, jeans, pants, tights, shorts, overalls Pliers, forceps(외과용 핀셋,집게), tweezers, chopstick(s) A pair of … + + Singular Verb Scissors have very sharp edges. This pair of scissors is very sharp. The pants are in the drawer. A pair of pants is in the drawer. a pants is in the drawer. (X)

7. 집합명사류 The crowd was wild with excitement. // 하나의 집합으로의 군중을 의미(집합명사) The crowd were excited with the game. // 군중에 속해있는 개개인을 의미(군집명사) Audience, couple, congress, family, group, committee, class, organization, team, army, club, crowd, government, jury, majority*, minority, public A majority of people believe Israel and Iran have a mainly negative influence in the world. // people이 사용되었기에 복수동사 A majority of the information was wrong. // majority of + information : 단수 The Majority believes that he is innocent. // Majority 단독일 경우 단수 Crowds are gathering in the vicinity of Trafalgar Square. 1) Family류 집합명사: 의미에 따라 단/복수 결정 Majority만 쓰이면 단수 A Majority of + 복명+ 복동 A Majority of + 단명+ 단동 참고: crowd는 복수형으로 crowds The clergy(목사들)  a clergyman (성직자 1인) , The police(경찰)  a police man (경찰 1인) The intelligentsia(지식인 계층), The bar(변호사단), The gentry(특권계급), The elite, 2) The police류 집합명사( = 군집명사): 항상 복수, 항상 The 사용 // Goods , clothes Ø goods 상품(집합:복수) Ø merchandise 상품(집합:단수) a goods (X), a piece of goods (O) a merchandise (X), a piece of merchandise (O) These goods are good. This merchandise is good. 3) clothes류 집합명사: 항상 복수 (the 사용하지 않음) Cloth - 불가산: 직물, 천 - 가산: 행주, 식탁보, (연극의 Clothes: 의류(집합: 항상복수) Clothing: 의류(집합: 항상 단수) Ladies' clothes are on the second floor. Loose clothing gives you greater freedom of movement. Baggage (luggage), clothing, merchandise, mail, machinery, equipment, weaponry, poetry, furniture, food, scenery, pottery, game(사냥감), jewelry, scenery, produce(농산물) 4) Baggage류 집합명사: 항상 단수(불가산 이기 때문에) Cattle are grazing in the pasture. Vermin are small creatures such as rats, bats, and lizards which are difficult to see. Poultry provide a substantial part of the global demand of proteins of animal origin. A school of fish is being attacked by sharks. A flock of birds is circling overhead. A herd of cattle is breaking away. // cattle은 복수이나, a herd of cattle은 단수 A flock of birds, A school (shoal) of fish, A pride of lions, A herd of cattle, A pack of dogs 5) Cattle류 집합명사 : 정관사/부정관사 없이 사용되고, 항상 복수 취급되는 단어들 Cattle은 셀수 있는 단위 사용 동물의 집합이나 그룹도 셀수 있는 단위와 함께 단수 ㅇ취급가능 a vegetable, a utensil (부엌 기구,도구) 주의: 의미는 집합이나 가산명사인 단어들 9

8. 주의 해야 될 주어/동사 일치: Numeric and Measurement Expression Twenty-five dollars is too much pay for the lunch. Fifty minutes isn’t enough time to finish the test. Ten miles is too much to run in one day. The TOEFL test will last four hours // hours는 명사 It will be a four-hour TOEFL test. // four-hour는 형용사역할 My daughter is three years old // years는 명사 I have a three-year-old daughter. 시간, 돈, 거리등과 같은 측정단위는 하나의 집합단위로 해석되어 단수형 숫자표현이 명사를 수식하는 형용사를 역할을 하는 경우 하이폰으로 연결되고 항상 단수형 Ten years is too long a time to wait. // 단수: 하나의 단위 Ten years have passed since she died. // 복수: 10년 A year and a half has passed since I lived in Seoul. // 단수 half가 들어가면 단수취급 Three-fourths of the cakes have been eaten. Three-fourths of the cake has been eaten. 분수표현 같은 수사 표현에 Of를 사용하면, of다음에 나오는 명사에 의해 결정 Ninety percent of people has a car. 47 percent of women do not enjoy being mother. Fifty percent of the population is… percent + of + 단명 + 단동 percent + of + 복명 + 복동/단동 둘다가능 그러나 주로 명사에 일치 Percent / percentage의 복수형 없음 - 80 percent, fifty percent,… - small/large Percentage, fifty percentage(X) Two and Two is four. Two and Two equals four. Two plus two is/equals four. Five times two is ten. 수학적 표현은 항상 단수

8. 주의 해야 될 주어/동사 일치 She is one of my friends who understand me. Lincoln was one of the greatest men that were respected. She is the only one of my friends who understands me. one of + 복명 + 관계사 + 복동 the only one of + 복명 + 관계사 + 단동 A total of 546 Koreans lives in this country. a total of + 복명 + 단동 The Olympic Games were held in Seoul in1988. The United States was ready for war. Many a book is on the desk. = Many books are on the desk. many a + 단명 + 단동 A white and a red rose are in the vase. A white and red rose is in the vase. 관사가 2개면 복수취급, 관사가 1개면 단수 More than one girl knows the secret. // 한 명 이상의 소녀 More than one of the girls know the secret. // 그 소녀들 중 한 명 이상 more than one of + 복명 + 복동 more than one + 단명 + 단동 Neither of the answer is satisfactory to us. Neither of the answer you give is satisfactory to us. None of us are quite sure where the trouble is. None of us is entirely blameless in this matter. Neither of the + 단명 + 단동 None of+복명+복동/단동 둘다 가능 None of+단명+단동

Appendix 1. 물주구문 – 사람 주어 vs. 비 사람주어 문장 People can travel thanks to airplanes. Airplanes enable[allow] people to travel through the air. (비행기를 타고 사람들은 공중으로 여행할 수 있다.) 사람이 주어로 쓰인 구문을 인주어 구문이라고 하 며, 무생물이 주어로 쓰인 구문을 물주구문이라고 한 다. 1. 인주어 구문 : 사람주어 + can 물주구문 : 무생물 주어 + enable + 목적어 + to do~~ The heavy rain prevented me from attending the meeting. (폭우 때문에 나는 그 모임에 참석하지 못했다.) 2. 인주어 구문 : 사람주어 + cannot 물주구문 : 무생물 주어 + prevent + 목적어 + from + (동)명사 He went Seoul on business. Business took him to Seoul. 3. 인주어 구문 : 사람 주어 + go(get to) ~ 물주구문 : 무생물 주어 + take + 목 + to The cry brought me to the spot. (그 울음소리를 듣고 그 장소에 왔다.) 4. 인주어 구문 : 사람 주어 + come(reach)~ 물주 구문 : 무생물 주어 + bring + 목 + to~~ As her father died suddenly, she had to give up school. = Her father's sudden death forced her to give up school. The rain forced[compelled] him to put off his departure. (비 때문에 그는 출발을 연기해야 했다.) 5. 인주어 구문 : 사람주어 + have to ~ ~가 ~해야한 다. 물주구문 : 무생물　주어 +　force(compel, oblige) + 목적어 + to~~~ 6. His son's death made[drove] him almost mad. (그의 아들의 죽음이 그를 거의 미치게 했다.) 7. This construction cost me one million dollars. (이 건설에 일 백만 달러가 들었다.)