Aspectuality and aspect 1413061 박소현

contents Aspectuality and aspect 2. Progressive aspect -The progressive construction -Uses of the progressive 3. Perfect aspect -The perfect construction -Uses of the present perfect

Aspectuality and aspect Aspect(상) -> 상황이 시간에 걸쳐 어떻게 펼쳐지는가 를 나타내는 방식 / aspectiality ->의미적 개념 progressive aspect (진행상) perfect aspect (완료상)

Progressive aspect 1)진행구문 ->형태 : 조동사 be + 동사의 현재분사 (23) Jenny is writing a message to her boyfriend.-> 현재진행 (24) Harry was cooking when I arrived at his house. ->과거진행 ->(23)의미 : 화자가 발화하기 잠시 전에 jenny가 메시지를 쓰기 시작해서 아마도 그 시점 이후에도 잠시 메시지를 쓰고 있을 것 (25) They may be waiting outside for you. (26) Dawn will have been being seen by her doctor. -> (23)(24)-정형(finite forms) / (25)(26)-비정형(nonfinite forms) -> 진행조동사 be-다른 조동사들과 결합 가능

Progressive aspect 2) 진행의 용법 (27) Otto is being extremely aggressive. -> 상태동사(state verbs) 와 나타날 수 있음(예 : be 동사) (27) Otto is being extremely aggressive. ->의미 : Otto의 공격적인 행동이 오래 지속되지는 않음 /일시적 의미 (28) Otto is extremely aggressive. ->의미 : Otto가 공격적인 성품을 가지고 있음 /지속적 의미

Progressive aspect (29) I’m really loving this cake you made! (30) Don’t bother : he’s not understanding what you are saying -> love, understand, want 같은 상태동사들과 사용되는 빈도수 증가 (31) Danny is always telling me what to do, and it really annoys me. -> 화자측의 약간의 노여움 표현/ always, continually, forever 등과 같은 부사 수반

Perfect aspect 1)완료구문 (32) Madeline has been to Egypt. ->현재완료 ->형태 : 완료조동사 have + 동사의 과거분사 -> 완료 – 전시(anteriority)표현, 즉 과거 나타냄 (32) Madeline has been to Egypt. ->현재완료 (33) Madeline had been to Egypt by the time she was ten. ->과거완료 ->(32)의미 : 이 문장에서 과거는 발화순간에서 본 것/ 현재까지 Madeline은 적어도 한번은 이집트 방문함 ->(33)의미 : 이 문장에서 과거는 과거의 어느 시점/ Madeline이 10살이던 시간에서 본 것임

Perfect aspect (34) I haven’t seen her since last week (i.e. I have not seen her in a period starting last week and leading up to the moment of speaking.) (35) *We have eaten in that restaurant yesterday. -> 현재완료는 현재와의 관련성 표현 -> 현재와 관련된 의미의 부가어하고만 결합

Perfect aspect (32) Madeline has been to Egypt. (33) Madeline had been to Egypt by the time she was ten. (36) I’m very pleased to have met you. (37) Having finished my essay I went out for a quick bite to eat. -> (32)(33)-정형(finite forms) / (36)(37)-비정형(nonfinite forms) -> (36)(37)-현재와의 관련성과 무관, 과거의 의미 나타냄 (38) The result may have been influenced by the weather. ->완료조동사Have- 다른 조동사와 결합 가능

Perfect aspect 2) 현재완료의 용법 ①인접한 과거(recent past) -> 과거에 일어났지만 현재와 관련성있는 사건 나타냄 (39) Nobert has recently bought himself a sportscar. (…which explains why he looks so smug.) (40) The shop has just closed. (… now we have to find some milk elsewhere.) (41) The authorities have announced in the past hour that the prisoners will be released. (news item) -> just, lately, recently와 같은 인접성 나타내는 부사어 동반하기도함

Perfect aspect ②계속의 완료(continuative perfect) -> 상황이 과거에서 현재 그리고 그 넘어서까지 확장되는 의미 (42) I have always loved swimming. (43) They have lived in the house on the corner since the early sixties. (44) We have always played bingo on a Tuesday night. ->습관을 나타내기도 함

Perfect aspect ③결과의 현재완료(present perfect of result) ->상황의 결과 (45) The car was on fire for half an hour. Now it has exploded. ④경험의 현재완료(experiential present perfect) ->과거에서 현재까지 상황이 최소한 한번은 일어났음을 의미 (46) She has seen that film before.

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