Understanding and Using English Grammar Ch11. The Passive 정샘 영어 Academy

Context Passive: The basics Using the passive 목적어가 1개인 문장의 수동태 목적어가 2개인 문장의 수동태 목적보어가 있는 문장의 수동태 The passive form of modals and similar expressions Stative Passive The passive with Get Participial Adjectives

1. Passive: The basics Active: Anna helped the boy. Passive: The boy was helped by Anna. 수동태란? Object  Subject Passive form: be + PP Active: An accident happened. Passive: Ø 목적어를 취하는 타동사만 수동태가능 (Only transitive verbs are used in the passive) Happen, sleep, come, seem 같은 intransitive verb는 수동태 안됨 Anna helps Jim. Anna is helping Jim. Anna has helped Jim. Anna helped Jim. Anna was helping Jim. Anna had helped Jim. Anna will help Jim. Anna is going to help Jim. Anna will have helped Jim. Jim is helped by Anna. Jim is being helped by Anna. Jim has been helped by Anna. Jim was helped by Anna. Jim was being helped by Anna. Jim had been helped by Anna. Jim will be helped by Anna. Jim is going to be helped by Anna. Jim will have been helped by Anna.

2. Using the passive Rice is grown in India. ( by someone) Our house was built in 1990. ( by someone) This meat was imported from USA. (by someone) 일반문장의 수동태 - 문장에서 by없이 사용되는 경우가 많음 - By를 쓰는 이유는 action의 주체를 아는것이 중요한 경우 - Action의 주체를 아는경우, 그 주체를 주어로 쓰는 것이 보다 일반적 The novel was written by Mark Twain. My father fixed the car.  The car was fixed by my father. She helped to kiss him.  To kiss him was helped by her. (X) 목적어가 부정사, 동명사인 경우 수동태가 불 가능.  목적어가 재귀 대명사 or 상호 대명사(=each other)인 능동문도 수동태 불가능

2. Using the passive (Cont.) Do it at once.  Let it be done at once. Don't open the door.  Don't let the door be opened.  (let 부정)  Let the door not be opened.    (be를 부정) 명령문의 수동태형 - 긍정문: Let + 주어 + be PP - 부정문: Don’t + let + 주어 + be PP - 부정문: Let + 주어 + not + be PP Did he write that book? // yes/no 의문문  Was that book written by him? Will the news shock Jim?  Will Jim be shocked by the news? 의문문의 수동태형: - Do/does +주어  be + 주어 + PP - 조동사(will,..)+ 주어  조동사 +주어+be PP - 의문사+ do + 주어  의문사 +be+주어+PP - 의문사 + 동사  의문사+ be + 주어+PP When did he build the house? //Information 의문문  He built the house (when)      //의문사를 부사취급, 평서문으로 변형  The house was built by him when    //수동태로 전환  When was the house built by him?   //의문사를 선두에. Who broke the window? // 의문사가 주어인 경우  The window was broken by whom.   //수동태로 전환  By whom was the window broken?   //문두로 나가면서 도치  Whom(who) was this window broken by? I did not write this letter.  This letter was not written by me. 부정문의 수동태형: - do/does not  am/are/is not - did not  was/were not

3. 목적어가 1개인 문장의 수동태 I.O D.O Someone gave Anna a gift.  Anna was given a gift.  A gift was given to Anna.  A gift was given Anna. (O) //영국식 영어 직목과 간목이 있는 경우 - 직목을 주어로 하는 수동태 - 간목을 주어로 하는 수동태 양자가 가능 영국문법에서는 to를 생략하는 경우가 많음 직목이 주어가 되면 IO 앞에는 동사에 따라 of, on, to, for 같은 전치사가 쓰인다 - for: make, buy, get, build, find - to: award, pass, write, read, give, teach, sell, send, grant, bring They sent me a parcel.     A parcel was sent to me by them. She bought me a new suit.  A new suit was bought for me by her. She wrote him a long letter.  A long letter was written to him by her. (O)  He was written a long letter by her. (X) 직접 목적어만이 수동태의 주어가 될 수 있는 동사 (IO로 수동 주어 불가능): make, read, get, write, buy, send, bring I envy him (for) his good fortune  He was envied (for) his good fortune by me. (O)  His good fortune was envied by me. (X) He didn’t answer her a word. = He didn’t answer a word to me.  She wasn’t answered a word by him. (O)  A word was answered to her by him. (X) 간접 목적어만이 수동태의 주어가 될 수 있는 동사 : envy, save, answer, forgive, spare(-에게-을 덜어주 다), I.O D.O

4. 목적어가 2개인 문장의 수동태 I.O D.O Someone gave Anna a gift.  Anna was given a gift.  A gift was given to Anna.  A gift was given Anna. (O) //영국식 영어 직목과 간목이 있는 경우 - 직목을 주어로 하는 수동태 - 간목을 주어로 하는 수동태 양자가 가능 영국문법에서는 to를 생략하는 경우가 많음 직목이 주어가 되면 IO 앞에는 동사에 따라 of, on, to, for 같은 전치사가 쓰인다 - for: make, buy, get, build, find - to: award, pass, write, read, give, teach, sell, send, grant, bring They sent me a parcel.     A parcel was sent to me by them. She bought me a new suit.  A new suit was bought for me by her. She wrote him a long letter.  A long letter was written to him by her. (O)  He was written a long letter by her. (X) 직접 목적어만이 수동태의 주어가 될 수 있는 동사 (IO로 수동 주어 불가능): make, read, get, write, buy, send, bring I envy him (for) his good fortune  He was envied (for) his good fortune by me. (O)  His good fortune was envied by me. (X) He didn’t answer her a word. = He didn’t answer a word to me.  She wasn’t answered a word by him. (O)  A word was answered to her by him. (X) 간접 목적어만이 수동태의 주어가 될 수 있는 동사 : envy, save, answer, forgive, spare(-에게-을 덜어주 다), I.O D.O

5. 목적보어가 있는 문장의 수동태 O O.C I saw Anna sing on the street.  Anna was seen to sing on the street. 지각동사의 경우: Be + 지각PP + to 부정사 지각동사: see, watch, listen to, notice, observe He made me do the job.  I was made to be done the job. I had him come early.  He was had to come early by me. (X) 사역동사의 경우: - get, make, help: Be + 사역PP + to부정사 - have와 let은수동태 안됨 대용어구 - be allowed (permitted) + to부정사 - be asked (forced) + to 부정사  He ordered me to help her.  I was ordered me to help her.  He ordered her (to be) helped by me. 목적보어로 to부정사가 오는 경우 - 목적어를 주어로하는 수동태 - to부정사의 목적어를 목적어로 하는 수동태형 주로 advice, beg, order, recommend He wants me to help her.  He wants her to be helped by me. 주로 like, love, wish, want We all regarded him as an expert.  He was regarded as an expert. as + 목적보어인 경우 O O.C

4. The Passive Form of Modals and Similar Expressions. Modal + be + PP Modal + have been + PP Anna will be invited to the party (by someone). The window can’t be opened. Children should be taught to respect their elders. May I be executed from class? This book had better be returned. This book ought to be returned. Mary has to be told the truth. Jim is supposed to be told the truth. The letter should have been sent last week. This house must have been built over 200 years ago. // 95% sure Anna ought to have been invited to the party. should have PP: ~했어야 했는데 못했다

5. Stative Passive Old, green은 형용사로 is의 complement로 명사의 상태를 표현. The door is old. //be + 형용사 The door is green. //be + 형용사 The door is locked. //be + 과거분사(분사형용사) Old, green은 형용사로 is의 complement로 명사의 상태를 표현. Locked는 PP이면서 형용사역할 수행 I locked the door five minutes ago.  The door was locked by me five minute ago.  Now the door is locked.  It’s a locked door. 수동태가 어떤 상태를 묘사하는데 사 용되면, (action이 수반되지 않으면), PP 형이 형용사처럼 쓰이게 된다. 이를 stative passive라고 함. Anna broke the window.  The window was broken by Anna.  Now the window is broken.  It’s a broken window. I am interested in Korea art. He is satisfied with his work. Anna is married to Jim. Jim was excited about the game. Jim will be prepared for the exam. By 이외의 전치사가 수동태에 쓰이는 경우 I don’t know where I am. I am lost. I can’t find my purse. It’s gone. I am finished with my work. I am done with my work. 관용구처럼 쓰이는 passive. 이 문장들 은 active form이 없음

6. The Passive with ‘GET’ I am getting hungry. You shouldn’t eat too much or you’ll get fat. I stopped working because I got sleepy. Get + adjectives angry, anxious, bald, better, big, busy, chilly, cold, dark, dizzy, empty, fat, full heavy, hot, hungry, late, light, mad, nervous, old, rich, sick, sleepy, tall, thirsty, warm, well, wet, worse I stopped working because I got tired. They are getting married next month. I got worried because he was two hours late. Get + PP Get과 결하하는 PP는 형용사 역할로서 명사를 서술. Angela got her paper typed by a friend. I got my brother to carry my suitcase. Mary got her husband arrested. // 예외. 수동태 문장임 Causative verb 수동태 역할 get + 보어( things) + PP get + 보어( person) + to 부정사

7. Participial Adjectives(분사형용사) The problem confuses the students.  It’s an confusing problem. The students are confused by the problem.  They are confused students. Present Participle은 active meaning을 전달한 다. 즉 PP가 수식하는 Noun이 Active한 행위를 함을 의미. = A problem performs the action Past Participle은 passive meaning즉 어떤 행 위에 의해 방법된(결과된) 상태를 의미 = Students receive the action Gina broke the window.  The window was broken by Gina.  Now it is a broken window. A window  A broken window. A problem  A confusing problem. A lady  A beautiful lady 형용사 A man  A man sitting next to me. An idea  An idea presented in the meeting. A cake  A cheese cake. A book  A book to sell.