Understanding and Using English Grammar Ch01. Verb Basics 정샘 영어 Academy

Context Verb + Ø : 1형식 Summary V + 전 + 목적어 목적어가 1개인 경우 V + IO or DO 목적어가 2개인 경우 V + IO + DO = V + DO + 전 + IO V + IO + 전 + DO = V + DO + 전 + IO Verb + 목적어 + 목적보어: Verb + Obj. + (to be) + Obj. Complement Verb + Obj. + Obj. Complement: 가목적어 ‘it’의 사용 Verb + Obj. + as + Obj. Complement 6. Turning Verbs into Nouns Appendix 1. 혼동하기 쉬운 동사 형 변화

1. Verb + Ø : 1형식 Summary Anna’s cat died. (O) Anna’s cat died the mouse. (X) // die는 완전자동사로 목적어를 가질 수 없음 주어와 동사만으로 의미를 전달 할 수 있는 동사를 완전자동사라 하고, 이런 문장을 1 형식이라 함. - 왕래발착동사: go, come, leave, start, depart, arrive - rain, snow - live, die, rise, set, stand, sit, stay, lie, talk, speak, sing, sleep, breath - be, appear, emerge(나타나다), exist, dwell(거주하다,살다), thrive(번성하다) // 자동사 뒤에는 부사 또는 전치사구가 옴 The sun rises. The sun rises early. // 부사 The sun rises in the morning. // 전치사구 // 자동사는 목적어를 가질 수 없지만, 전치사와 결합해서 목적어를 취함. She smiled. (O) I agreed with (to, on) Jim. (O) She smiled at me. (O) I agreed Jim. (X) She smiled me. (X) // 자동사 arrive He arrived. (O) He arrived at the airport. (O) He arrived the airport. (x) // 타동사 answer He answered the question. (O) // 타동사 He answered to the question. (O) // 자동사 He answered me. (O)// 타동사 He answered to me. (O)// 자동사 He must answer for the result. (O) //책임지다 주의: 동사와 전치사가 결합하면 의미가 완전히 달라질 수 있다: - look after:돌보다, get over: 극 복하다, 문제: The manager was asked to ( explain, account ) for the reduction on sales. 답: 동사뒤에 전치사 for가 오기 때문에 자동사인 account가 정답 // 완전자동사는 수동태가 없지만 전치사를 취하는 완전자동사는 수동태가능 She smiled at me.  I was smiled at by her. I listened to music.  Music was listened to by me. 자동사+전치사의 수동태 = be PP + 전치사 + by

1. 1형식: Phrasal verbs(부사 동사구) vs. Prepositional verbs(전치사 동사구) // 부사로 사용되는 경우 Phrasal verb((부사) 동사구)로, 전치사로 사용되면 Prepositional verb((전치사) 동사구)라고 함. I ran down the street. // 전치사, down뒤에 목적어 I sit down. // 부사 (adverb particle) down, in, on 같은 작은단어들은 문장에 따 라 부사 또는 전치사로 동시에 사용가능 부사로만(adverb particle) 사용되는 단어: back, away 전치사로만 사용되는 단어: from, during 부사(adverb particle, small adverb)와 전치사(preposition)의 비교: 목적어를 취하는 방법 //부사: 목적어가 있을 수도 있고, 없을 수도 있음 1) 목적어를 취하지 않는 부사동사구 She walked out. The color really stands out. 2) 목적어를 취하는 부사동사구 I switched the light off. I jumped off the wall. //전치사: 반드시 목적어를 취함 You never listen to me. (O) You never listen me. (X) You never listen me to. (X) //목적어는 전치사 앞에 못 옴 // small adverb는 명사의 앞/뒤에, 그러나 대명사 뒤에 위치 I switched the light off. (O) //명사 뒤 I switched off the light. (O) //명사 앞 I switched it off. (O) //대명사 뒤 I switched off it. (X) //대명사 앞에는 못 옴 Is this the light which you switched off? (O) Is this the light off which you switched? (X) //Adverb particle은 대명사인 which앞에 올 수 없음 // 전치사는 주로 동사에 붙여서 사용: 의문문,관계사절에서 What are you thinking about? About what are you thinking? (X) //형용사절에서 전치사는 동사와 분리 가능 I found the book for which I was looking. (O) // adverb particle과 전치사가 같이 쓰인 경우; 3-part verbs( 동사 + 부사+전치사+목적어 ) I get on with her quite well. Stop talking and get on with your work. It's hard to put up with people who won't stop talking. I'll think about it and get back to you. - come up to(~에 이르다/동등하다), look out upon(~을 전망하다), put up at(~에 숙박하다), put up with( 참다 ) - get back to, go up to, get on with,, look out for, went up to, look forward to

1. 1형식: V+전+ IO or DO, V+전+ IO+ DO, V+전+ IO+ 전+ DO V + with + 목적어: 1형식 Anna consulted with her friend. // 자동사: 상담하다, You must consult your manager before taking a decision on this . They decided not to cooperate with the government. 동사+with: ~와 (주로 사람 간의) 연합/협력을 의미 consulted with, cooperate with, associated with, deal with, side with, join with, unite with V + to + 목적어 Talk to Speak to Say to 주의: ask + 사람 told + 사람 I said to Jim that I would be late to school. Speak / talk 동사 : - speak+ 언어명 - speak/talk to(with)+ 사람 - speak of+ 사물 : ~을 말하다 - speak/talk about+ 사물 : ~에 대해 말하다 - speak/talk about+ 사물 + to(with) + 사람 - speak/talk to(with)+ 사람+ about(of) + 사물 He speaks to us about the problems. = He speaks about the problem to us. Prisoners speak of the 'torture’. // 고문을 말하다 Did you talk to your teacher? I will talk to them about this problem. He talked his father into buying a new car. // ‘설득하 다’일경우 전치사 to 사용안함. V + from +목적어 Rice pudding differs from bread pudding. 동사+from은 ~으로부터의 분리를 의미 abstain from desist from flee from separate from deviate from dissent from retire from recede from shrink from emerge from detach from recoil from withdraw from escape from V + for + 목적어 I pray for the strength to stop smoking. I yearn for a cigarette every morning. 동사+for는 desire또는 need의 의미. Ask for thirst for hope for wish for long for look for V + 기타 전치사 + 목적어 Speak of the devil // 호랑이도 제말하면 온다더니 We put off our trip. The parents marveled at seeing their new born baby for the first time. She played on the flute. // 연주하다(자동사) She played the piano. // 연주하다(타동사)

2. 2형식: Verb + 보어(명사,형용사): 2형식 Summary She became a doctor. (O) She became. (X) // become동사는 반드시 보어 필요 She is a student. // 명사 보어, she= a student She is beautiful. // 형용사 보어, she = beautiful 주어와 동사만으로 의미를 전달할 수 없어 동사를 보충하는 보어가 필요한 경우, 이때 보어가 주어와 동일 관계 또는 보완 해주는 경우 이를 주격보어라 하고, 주격보어를 취하는 동사를 불완전 자동사라고 함.: - (성질, 상태가) ~이다: be, appear, show, - (성질, 상태가) ~로 되다: become, grow, get, go, come, fall, turn, run - (성질, 상태가) ~을 유지하다: remain, stay, keep, - 지각동사: feel, look (~하게 보이다), smell, taste, sound Jim is married. Jim is tired. Jim is frightened. be동사 + PP(분사형용사): 이런 문장을 Stative Passive(상태수동태)라고 하며, 수동태문장이면서 PP가 마치 형용사처럼 사용된 경우 You looks nice with the suit. I feel lonely. // lonely는 형용사 The weather became cold. I felt guilty when I heard the news. Linking verb: be동사가 아닌 일반 동사중에(특히 지각동사) 형용사를 보어로 가지는 동사들을 linking verb(연결동사) 라 함. 주어를 서술한다는 점에서 linking verb다음에 명 사가 올 수도 있음.  이 경우 명사가 형용사 역할 수행 I felt a complete idiot. // 명사가 형용사 역할 Your room is a mess. // 명사가 형용사 역할 She appeared sad. // V+형용사: 2형식, 슬퍼보이다 She appeared suddenly. // V+부사:1형식, 갑자기 나타나다 I feel cold. // V+형용사: 2형식, 춥다 I feel differently. // V+부사: 1형식, 다르게 생각한다(느낀다) 주의: 2형식동사 중에 1형식으로 사용되는 동사도 있음.

2. 2형식: V+전+ IO or DO, V+전+ IO+ DO, V+전+ IO+ 전+ DO (cont..) abound in(with) ~을 많이 가지고 있다 divide into (사물) ~로 나눠지다 engage in ~에 종사하다 enroll in 등록하다 expand into ~로 진출하다 lack in ~이 부족하다 benefit from ~로부터 이익을 보다 range from A to B A에서 B에 이르다 account for 설명하다/보고하다/비율을 점하다 check for (문제점) ~에 대해 점검하다 stand for ~상징하다 correspond to(with) ~와 일치하다/ 서신왕래 하다 expose to ~에 노출되다 react to 반응하다 refer to ~을 언급/ 참조하다 subscribe to 구독하다 assist with 사람 돕다 contend with 경쟁하다/ 다투다 experiment with 실험하다 dream of 사물 ~를 꿈꾸다 draw on ~을 끌어들이다/ 참고하다 emphasize on 강조하다 live on 사물 ~에 의존하여 살다 turn on/ off 켜다/ 끄다 preside at/ over ~을 진행하다 get on/ off ~을 타다/ 내리다 complain about ~에 대해 불평하다 graduation from 졸업하다 wait on 시중들다 collide with 사물 충돌하다 report on 보고하다 aim at ~을 목적으로 하다 lag behind 사물 사물보다 뒤쳐지다 look for 찾다 come/ run across 우연히 만나다 deal in 거래하다 insist on 주장하다 fail in (사물) fail to do ~하지 못하다 break in (사물) break into (사물) 길들이다 무단침입하다 inquire into inquire about ~을 조사하다 ~을 문의하다 participate in take part in 참가하다 result in result from ~를 초래하다 ~에서 기인하다 consent to agree to/ on ~에 동의하다 derive from come from ~에서 유래하다 ask for call for ~을 요청하다 suffer from ~로부터 고통 받다 wait for 사물/ 사람 await 사물/ 사람 ~를 기다리다 leave 장소 leave for 장소 ~를 떠나다 ~로 떠나다 adapt to adjust to ~에 적응하다 answer 사물 answer to 사물 ~에 응답하다 reply to respond to 대답하다 yield to give in to ~에 굴복하다 cope with overcome 극복하다 interfere with interfere in ~을 방해하다 ~에 끼어들다 approve of 사물 approve 사물 ~을 승인하다 go through get through 겪다 care for care about (긍정문)~을 돌보다 (부정문)~을 좋아하다, ~걱정하다 A differ from B A differ in 관점 A B 는 다르다 A는 ~관점에서 다르다 collaborate on 사물 collaborate with 사람 ~에 대하여 협력하다 ~와 협력하다 search for/ after~ search into ~을 찾다 lead to bring about cause ~결과를 낳다 stick to adhere to cling to 고수하다 comply with규정사항 conform to 규정사항 aside by 규정사항 ~을 준수하다

2. 2형식: V+전+ IO or DO, V+전+ IO+ DO, V+전+ IO+ 전+ DO (cont…) do without live without dispense with ~없이 지내다 agree with 사람 agree on/ to 사물 ~에 동의하다 speak/ talk to speak/ talk with speak/ talk about ~에게 말하다 ~와 함께 이야기 하다 ~에 대해 말하다 apologize of/ for apologize to ~에 대해 사과하다 ~에게 사과하다 seek for seek through seek after ~을 수색하다 ~을 뒤지다 ~을 추구하다 consist with be consistent with consist in ~와 조화되다 ~에 있다 consist of/ be made up of be composed of/ be comprised of ~로 구성되다 compete with(against)/ compete to do compete for/ compete in ~와 경쟁하다/~에 대해 경쟁하다 ~에 대해 경쟁하다/~에 참가하다 succeed in (사물/-ing) ⓝ success ⓐ successful succeed to (사물) ⓝ succession ⓐ successive ~하는데 성공하다 ~를 계승하다/상속받다 object to oppose/ be opposed to 반대하다 compensate for (손실) compensate (사람) for (손실) 손실에 보상하다 ~에게 손실에 대해 보상하다 arrange for make arrangements for ~을 준비하다 deal with/ take care of handle/ manage/ address 다루다. 처리하다 count/ depend/ rely/ rest on be dependent/ contingent on ~에 의존하다 contribute to 사물 contribute 사물 to 사물 ~을 ~에 기부하다 look into/ over through go over/ through scrutinize/ inspect/ investigate ~을 조사하다 contend with 사람/ 사물 contend for 사물 contend against 사물 ~와 다투다 ~을 위해 다투다 ~에 대항하다 impact on 사물 have an impact/effect/influence on 사물 ~에 영향을 미치다 cooperate with 사람 on/in for 사물 사람과 사물에 대해 협력하다 abstain/ refrain from (사물, -ing) ~을 자제하다 return to 장소 return 사물 to 장소/사람 ~로 되돌아가다 사물을 사람에게 되돌려 주다 concentrate/ focus on concentrate/ focus A on B A 를 B 에 집중하다 come/ drop/ stop by 잠깐 들르다 V ＋ 명사 ＋전치사 + 전치사목적어 get hold of(~을 얻다), give rise to(~을 일으키다), have control of/over(제어하다), make a guess at(~을 알아맞히다), make way for(~에 길을 양보하다), put an end to(~을 끝내다), take notice of, take charge of, take pride in, have faith in

3. 3형식: 목적어가 1개인 경우 : V+ IO or V + DO Will you join us? She is approaching Jim. 주의: 전치사가 필요할 것 같은데, 전치사 없이 IO를 직접 취하는 동사: marry류 동사: - marry + 사람 - be married to + 사람 : 수동태 (목적어가 사람일때 수동태 문장이 되면 by대신 다른 전치사 삽입 주의) He'll marry her. (O) He’ll marry to her. (X). They will marry. // 주의: 능동일때 with / to가 붙지 않음 They will be (get) married. He'll be married to her. //수동태시 by대신 to address us 연설하다 await her 기다리다 resemble her mom 닮다 ridicule him 비웃다 excel him 능가하다 told him answer me ask him I cannot afford to buy the car. I want to watch TV. (O) I want watching TV. (X) I want you to clean the car. (O) I want that you clean the car. (X) to부정사만을 목적어로 취하는 동사: Expect, hope, like, begin, start, promise, want, wish, … 주의: to 부정사만을 목적어로 취하는 동 사중 that절을 목적어로 취할 수 있는 동사 와 없는 동사구분 We enjoy playing soccer. (O) We enjoy to play soccer. (X) I finished eating dinner at 10:00 PM. (O) I finished to eat dinner at 10:00 PM. (X) I suggested waiting. I suggested that you (should) go home. I suggested you to go home. (X) to부정사를 목적어로 취하지 못하는 동 사(= 동명사 또는 that절을 목적어로취하 는 동사): quit, enjoy, mind, delay, postpone, put off, suggest, avoid, admit, look forward to, suggest

4. 4형식: 목적어가 2개인 경우 : V+ IO+ DO I thanked him for the advice. // IO +전 +DO 구조 I reminded Jim that the meeting had been cancelled. (O) // IO+DO I reminded Jim of his duties. // IO +전 +DO 구조 Please remind her to call me back. // O + OC (5형식) IO와 DO를 동시에 취하는 방식 1) IO + DO = DO + 전 + IO 2) IO + 전 + DO = DO + 전 + IO : 수동태시 주의 (수 동태시 전치사가 사용됨) The bandits robbed the passenger of their money.  The passenger was robbed of his money (by the bandits)  I envy your great success. (O) // 3형식 I envy you your great success. (O) // 4형식: IO + DO = I envy you for your great success. (O) = I envy your great success to (for/from/of) you. (X) 4형식에서 3형식으로 변환 안되는 동사들(4형식만 가능한 동사): - envy, pardon, forgive+ IO+ for       - cost, spare + IO + of         - save + IO + from  It costs 10 dollars. // V+DO (3형식) It costs me 10 dollars. (O) // V+IO + DO (4형식) It costs me of 10 dollars. (O) //V+IO + 전+ DO = It costs 10 dollars for (from, to, of) me. (X) // IO와 DO 2개 모두를 반드시 취해야 하는 동사들: He spoke that he had visited New York. (X) // IO 반드시 필요 He talked that he had visited New York. (X) // IO 반드시 필요 She told Ø that she would visit us. (X) // IO 반드시 필요 She told us that she would visit us. (O) // IO + DO 둘다 필요 She told to us that she would visit us. (X) 주의: 목적어로 that절을 가질 수 없는 동사들은, 목적어를 2개 취할시 반드시 4형식으로만 사용해야 함. - Tell, inform, notify me that 말하다 - Advise me that 조언하다 - Assure / convince me that 확신시키다 주의: 목적어로 that절을 가질 수 있는 동사들은 목 적어를 2개 취할시, 1형식 구조인 전+IO+DO로 사용 - say, mention, announce (to me) that 말하다 - suggest, propose, recommended (to me) that - explain, describe (to me) that 설명하다 // DO만 또는 전치사를 통해 IO와 DO를 동시에 취하는 있는 동사 She said Ø that she would invite us. (O) // DO 만 가능 She said to us that she would invite us. (O) // 전 + IO + DO She said us that she would invite us. (X) // IO앞에 전치사 필요

4.1 4형식: V + IO + 전 + DO IO + of + DO I informed him his failure in the exam. (X) // A에게 B를 알리다 I informed him of his failure in the exam. (O) He robbed me of my watch.  I was robbed of my watch by him. //수동태 // 주의: steal + DO + from + IO He stole money from his employer. 통고,확신동사: accuse, assure, inform, notify, convince, remind, suspect, warn, cost, spare inform A of B: A에게 B를 알리다 remind A of B: A에게 B를 생각나게하다 assure A of B: A에게 B를 확신시키다 accuse A of B: A를 B로 고발하다 suspect A of B: A를 B로 의심하다 제거 박탈동사: Rob, deprive, rid, cure, ease(덜어주다) relieve, clear, bereave(~을 앗 아가다 IO + from +DO The snow kept us from climbing the mountain. It will save us a lot of trouble. // IO + DO = It will save us from a lot of trouble. (O) = It will save a lot of trouble from us. (X)//DO+ from IO (X) keep A from B : prevent A from B: A가 B하는것을 막다 protect A from B: A가 B하는 것을예방하다. A를 B로부터 보호하다 금지,방해 동사: keep, prevent, stop, hinder, prohibit, deter, impede, disable(무력하게하다) dissuade, save, protect, dissociate(분리하다), shield hide, separate, order, rescue, deliver, preserve, free, exempt 주의: forbid + IO + to부정사: IO가 ~하는것 을 금하다 IO + with + DO = DO +to(for) + IO I provided the poor with food. = I provided food to the poor. 주로 공급동사: provide, supply, furnish, endow, credit, equip, replenish, present, entrust, fill + A +with + B: A에게 B를 공급(..)하다 IO + on + DO I complimented Anna on her English. Compliment / congratulate A on B: A에게 B를 칭찬하다 / 축하하다 spend A on B : A하는데 B를 쓰다 IO + for + DO I forgave Jim for what he did. He blamed Jim for the project being turned in late. I thanked him for the advice. Forgive, blame, thank A for B: A에게 B를 용서하다, 나무라다, 고마와하다 - envy, pardon, forgive A for  B 

4.2 4형식: V + DO + 전 + IO (4형식를  3형식으로 변경하는 방법) IO + DO =DO+ of +IO I asked him a question. = I asked a question of him. 4형식 문장은 DO가 “전치사+IO” 앞에 오는 3형식문장으로 변형가능. 주로 ask류 동사: ask, inquire, beg, require, request, demand =DO+ on +IO He played me a trick. = He played a trick on me. The king bestowed her an honor. = The king bestowed an honor on her. 주로 impose류 동사: play, impose, confer(은혜,자격 따위를 주다/수여하다), bestow(증여하다,수여하다), inflict(타격, 고통 따위를 주다/부과하다) =DO+ for +IO I am going to buy Anna some flowers. = I am going to buy some flowers for Anna. She cut her mother a piece of bread. = She cut a piece of bread for her mother. 주로 buy류 동사: build, make, order, get, cut, call, choose, do, find, make, cook, order, prepare =DO+ to +IO I gave her a doll. = I gave a doll to her. What did you do your children good? = What did you do good to your children? 주로give류 동사: send, tell, pay, bring, do(~을 주다),sell, lend, offer, write, render, read, show, teach do+ 사람 + good / harm / research / a job / chores / an errand / justice 직접목적어가 대명사일 때, 반드시 [ 전 치사 + 간접목적어 ] 형태로 쓸 것. 주의: Take ~ to her. (from her가 아 님) My father gave it to me. (O) //직접목적어가 대명사 My father gave me it. (X) I took her some money. = I took some money to her. (O) = I took some money from her. (X)

4.2 4형식: V + DO + 전 + IO: (3형식 구조로만 사용해야 하는 동사들) 4형식 IO + (전) + DO 구조로 사용할 수 없고, 3형식(DO +전 +IO) 또는 1형식 (전+IO+전+DO)만 가능한 동 사들: suggest, propose, admit, confess, announce, owe, introduce, explain, describe, say, ment ion, throw, steal, donate They donated the orchard some money. (X) = They donated some money to the orchard. (O) = They donated to the orchard some money. (O) Jim suggested me the meeting room. (X) Jim suggested the meeting room to me. (O) She explained me the accident. (X) She explained to me the accident. (O) They announced us their marriage. (x) They announced to us their marriage. (O) They announced  their marriage to us. (O) He tried to describe me the accident in detail. (X) He tried to describe the accident in detail to me. (O) His father trusted him a large fortune. (x) His father trusted a large fortune to him. (o) He confessed the coach his mistakes. (x) He confessed his mistakes to the coach. (o) She revealed her husband the secret of her company. (x) She revealed the secret of her company to her husband. (o) They mentioned me the fact that Jim failed in the exam. (x) They mentioned to me the fact that he failed in the exam. (o) He introduced me his friend. (x) He introduced his friend to me. (o) She dedicates her children all spare time. (x) She dedicated all spare time to her children. (o)

5. 5형식 : Verb + 목적어 + 목적보어: Summary 5형식: 동사가 목적어 하나만으로 의미를 완전히 전달해 주지 못하고 목적어를 보완해 주는 목적보어를 갖는 경우. s + v + o + oc (형, 명) - (to be) + (ⓝ, ⓐ) 목적보어로 명사/ 형용사 취하는 경우 - 이 경우 to be가 생략된 형태임 수동태형 1. o be pp oc(ⓝ, ⓐ) by s 2. it be founded/ made oc(ⓐ) o(To do) : 가목적어 구문 s + v + o + as + OC(명) 목적보어로 as +명사 취하는 경우 - be + pp + (as) + ⓝ + by s s + v + o + oc (to부정사) - to부정사 - to없는 부정사 목적보어로 to be+ 명사/형용사 취하는 경우 목적보어로 to do 취하는 경우 목적보어로 to없는 부정사 취하는 경우: 사역/ 지각동사 / Subjunctive - be + pp + to be (ⓝ, ⓐ) - (사람) + be + pp + to do - be + pp + to (사역/지각동사) by s They call Jim (to be) a liar. // 명사 Babies make parents (to be) happy. // 형용사 Babies made parent cry. // 동사원형 I saw Jim sing. // 동사원형 I saw Jim singing. // 현재분사 The news makes us surprised. // 과거분사 They wanted us to help themselves. // to부정사 목적보어가 될 수 있는 것들 I want you to be happy. (O) I want that you are happy. (X) They don't allow people to smoke. (O) They don't allow that people smoke. (X) I didn't ask you to pay for the meal. (O) I didn't ask that you pay for the meal. (X) 주의: want, allow, ask 동사는 to 부정사만을 목적어로 가질 수 있음. That절 못 옴

5. 5형식 : Verb + 목적어 + 목적보어: 1. 명사/형용사를 목보로 취하는 경우 // 명사가 오는 경우 I considered him (to be) an excellent choice. They found Jim (to be) a genius. We elected him president of our meeting. They call me a liar. 1-1. 명사를 목적보어로 취하는 경우 call, elect, appoint, make, name, t hink, consider, choose 주의: elect, appoint 다음의 보어 는 무관사 // 형용사가 오는 경우 To wake up early hours makes a man healthy. (O) // health가 아님에 주의 Babies make parents happy. We consider her qualified. I believe him (to be) honest. They believed him (to be) reliable. = they believed that he was reliable. 1-2. 형용사를 목적보어로 취하는 경 우 consider, describe, judge, accept, see, regard, refer to, think of, look upon, define, acknowledge, take 목적보어로 명사 또는 형용사가 오는 경우, 명사, 형용사 앞에 to be 가 생략된 형태임. I consider him honest. (O) I consider him honesty. (X) // 그 ≠ 정직함 이기때문에 보어로 형용사가 옴 We consider him a genius. // him = genius 이기 때문에 명사 a genius가 옴 주의: 목적보어로 명사 또는 형용 사가 올 수 있으나, 목적어와 목적보 어가 동격관계가 아니면 형용사를 사용해야 함. He painted the wall red. (O) // 목적어+목적보어 He painted red the wall. (X) // 목적보어+목적어 (X) He painted red all of the kitchen walls as well as the window frames and ceiling. (O) // 목적보어 + 목적어 Object가 길면 목적보어가 목적어 앞에 올 수 있다.

5. 5형식 : Verb + 목적어 + 목적보어: 1. 명사/형용사를 목보로 취하는 경우 (cont.) I found him dying. (O) // 현재분사. 죽어가고 있는 I found him dead. (O) // 형용사. 이미 죽은. dead는 형용사로 죽어있는 I found him died. (X) // die는 자동사이기에, 목적보어로 PP형 불가 I found Jim missed. (X) // miss는 자동사이기때문에 목적보어로 PP형 불가 I found Jim missing. (O) She found her plans blocked at every turn. // 과거분사, block타동사 She found a label stuck to the underside of the table. // 과거분사 1-2. 형용사를 목적보어로 취 하는 경우 목적보어로 분사가 오는 경 우 - ing형: 진행,능동의 의미, 자. 타동사 둘다 가능 - PP형: 완료,수동. 타동사만 가능 I’m sorry that I have kept you waiting. Keep the door closed. Keep the door open. // opened (X) Leave the door open. Don’t leave the baby crying. The car accident left her arm paralyzed. Keep + 목+ing: 목적어를 계속해서 ~하게 하다 Keep + 목+ed: 목적어를 ~ 한 상태로 두다 주의: open은 opened라고 쓰지않음 leave + ing/ed : ~한 상태로 두다

5. 5형식 : Verb + 목적어 + 목적보어: 심화: 가목적어 it의 사용 He makes the window clear. (O) //목적어가 명사이면 He makes clear the window. (O) He makes that she disagreed clear. (X) //목적어가 that절이며 it필요 He makes clear that she disagreed. (X) //목적어가 that절이며 it필요  He makes it that she disagreed clear. (X)  He makes it clear that she disagreed. (O) //목보를 it다음에 I thought that she hadn’t written strange. (X)  I thought it that she hadn’t written strange. (X)  I thought it strange that she hadn’t written. //목적어와 보어의 도치 가목적어 it의 사용 1) 목적어로 that절, to 부정사, 동명사가 오고 & 2) 목적보어로 형용사나 명사가 있는 경우 가목적어 it를 사용하며 목적보어를 가목적어 it 다음에 위치 시킴. - 동사 + 목적어(명사) + 목적보어(형용사/명사) - 동사 + 목적보어(형용사/명사) + 목적어(명사) - 동사 + it(진목) + 형용사 - 동사 + it(가목) + 목적보어 + 진목(that절) - 동사 + it(가목) + 목적보어 + 진목(to부정사) My blister(물집) made to walk a problem. ( X) My blister made it to walk a problem. (X) My blister made it a problem to walk. (O) I found to talk to you difficult. // 덜 부자연 스러운 표현 I found it to talk to you difficult. (X) I found it difficult to talk to you. (O) //도치 I found to listen to him tiring. // tiring은 순수 형용사 I found it to listen to him tiring. (X) I found it tiring to listen to him. 목적보어가 없거나, 분사형용사인 경우 가목적어 it사용 안함. I cannot bear to see people crying. (O) //현분사가 목보  I cannot bear it to see people crying. (X)  I cannot bear it crying to see people. (X) I remember that we were very happy. //보어없음  I remember it that we were very happy. (X) 참고: take it that = assume that I take it that you won’t be working tomorrow.

5. 5형식 : Verb + 목적어 + 목적보어: 2. to부정사 목적보어 I want you to do your best on the test. This will encourage people to use public transportation. I expected Jim to help me. 1. 목적보어로 to부정사가 오는 경우 1) // 목적보어로 to부정사를 가지는 동사들 advise allow ask (can't) bear beg cause command compel encourage expect forbid force get hate wish recommend help instruct intend invite leave like love warn Mean need oblige order permit persuade prefer want Remind request teach tell tempt trouble // to부정사만을 목적보어로 가질 수 있는 동사들 She didn't want me to go. (O) She didn't want that I go. (X) They don't allow people to smoke. (O) They don't allow that people smoke. (X) I didn't ask you to pay for the meal. (O) I didn't ask that you pay for the meal. (X) 주의: 많은 동사들이 to부정사를 목적보어로 가질 수 있다. 그러나 몇 몇 특정 동사들은 to부정사만을 목 적보어로 가진다. : want, allow, ask // that절(명사절)만을 목적어로 가질 수 있는 동사 (= 명사가 못 오는 경우) I suggested that she (should) go home. (NOT I suggested her to go home.) 주의: that절(또는 명사절) 만을 목적어로 가지는 동사 // 가목적어 it + 형용사 / 명사 + (for+사람) + to부정사 I find it hard to do it. //가목적어 it이 있으면 반드시 to부정사 사용 2) 목적어가 가목적어 it일경우:

5. 5형식 : Verb + 목적어 + 목적보어: 2. to부정사 목적보어 (cont.) I saw Jim run. //지각동사+목+동원 I saw the flag raised. (O) //수동의 의미 I saw Jim running. //능동의 의미 I heard my name called. (O) //수동의 의미 2. 목적보어로 to 없는 부정사가 오는 경우 1) 지각동사: - 듣다: hear, listen to, - 보다: see, watch, notice, observe, look at - 느끼다: feel, perceive(감지하다,인식하 다) I smell my toast burn. (X) // 주의: smell은 지각동사이나, 동사원형을 목적보어 로 취하지 않음 I smell my toast burning. (O) He made me do the job. // 강제 He had me do the job. // 부탁 He let me do the job. // 허락 He helped me do the job. // 도움 He helped me to do the job. (O) He got me to do the job. // 부탁 2) 사역동사 (1) (목적어을) ~하게하다, 시키다: - Make: 강제로 시키다(= force) - Have, Get: 부탁해서 시키다 - Let: 허락 - Help: 도움 (to부정사사용 가능) (2) (목적어가 ~ 피해를) 당하다 (3) (목적어가 ~ ) 되게 하다 주의: 목적격보어 능동, 진행의 의미이면 ing형울, 수동, 완료이면 pp형 사용 주의: force, allow는 의미는 사역이지만 목 적보어로 to부정사 사용 I had my watch stolen. // PP형은 목적어가 ~당하다라는 수동의 의미 = I had my watch being stolen in a bus.  I had (or got) my little finger injured. I could not make myself understood in English. = I could not make people understand me in English. I could not make myself understand English. 나는(공부를 못해서) 영어를 이 해할 수 없었다.  I made the TV working. // (지속적으로) 작동하게 I made the TV worked. // (한번만) 작동하게 My mom forced me to study English. Mom didn’t allow me to go out late at night.

5. 5형식 : Verb + 목적어 + 목적보어: 2. to 부정사 목적보어 (cont..) The manager requested that the meeting be held in another room. (O) The manager requested that the meeting to be held in another room. (X) The manager requested that the meeting is held in another room. (X) The manager requested ø the meeting to be held in another room. (O) The manager requested ø the meeting be held in another room. (X) // that이 생략 되면 to부정사 사용 2. to 없는 부정사가 오는 경우 3) that명사절에 to 없는 부정사 (동사원형)가 오는 경우: Subjunctive (= 제안, 요청, 의무, 충고) 동사들 - 제안,요청(주로동사): ask, command, demand, recommend, urge, insist, order, propose, suggest, request, require, decree, stipulate - 의무(주로형용사): imperative(불가피한, 강제적인), essential, necessary, important, obligatory, urgent, mandatory, - 충고(명사): advice It is essential that the process be completed in a timely manner. (O) It is essential that the process is completed in a timely manner. (X) My advice is that Anna need to save some money for a rainy day. (O) My advice is that Anna needs to save some money for a rainy day. (X) We urge that he leave now. // that이 있으면 동사원형 We urge him to leave now. // that이 생략되면 to부정사 주의 : subjunctive에서 that이 생략되면 목적보어로 to 부정사 사 용 A recent cancer study suggests that exposure to sun makes our skin prone to cancer. // 이때 suggest는 ‘제안’의 뜻이 아니라, ‘보여주다’, ‘암시하다; 라는 의미이기때문에 동사 원형이 아닌 현재형이 사용 주의 : subjunctive 동사라도 제 안,요청,의무이 뜻이 아니면 목적보 어로 주절의 동사와 일치되는 동사 시제 사용

5. 5형식 : Verb + 목적어 + as + 목적보어: I see you as a kind person. The teacher regards him as a genius. The police does not regard him as (being) dangerous. They identified the metal as gold. She described the criminal as a man with dark bread. 목 + as + 목보: -as+명사 -as+(being)형용사 목(A)+ as + 목적보어(B) - define ~ as, - describe ~ as, - identify ~ as, - think of(= regard, look upon) ~ as, - consider ~ as, - refer to ~ as, - regard (see) ~ as - accept, judge, treat,… As 다음에 형용사가 오면 being + 형용 사인데, being 은 생략가능. 주의: - take A for B : A를 B로 착각하다. - take A as B : A를 B로 간주하다.

6. Turning Verbs into Nouns There was a loud crash. Did you hear a cough? I need a wash. Let’s have a talk about your plans. = Let’s talk about your plans. Take a look at this. Would you like a taste? What about a drink? Using verbs for actions I’ll have a think and let you know what I decide. I like have a bath before I go to bed. If it won’t start, let give it a push. I don’t know the answer, but I’m going to make a guess. I tried to go for a run everyday. She does a bit of painting, but she doesn’t like to show people. Let’s have a swim. ( more natural than Let’s swim.) 계획되지 않은 recreation activity를 애기할때는 Using verbs for actions이 더 일반 적임.

Appendix. 혼동하기 쉬운 동사 형변화 lie – lied – lied : 거짓말하다 lie - lay - lain : (자) 눕다, 놓여 있다 lay - laid - laid : (타) ~을 놓다 He lay down on the grass. = He laid himself down on the grass. sit - sat - sat : (자) 앉다 seat - seated - seated : (타）앉히다 set - set - set : (타) 배치하다, 앉히다 He seated himself on a chair. = He was seated on a chair. hang - hung - hung      : (벽에)걸다 hang up : 전화를  끊다 hang - hanged - hanged : 교수형에 처하다 bear-bore-borne :(타) 열매를 맺다/지탱하다/참다 bear-bore-born  :(타) 낳다(give birth to) rise - rose - risen : (자) 물가가 오르다, 일어나다 raise - raised -raised : (타) ~을 올리다, 재배하다, ~을 제기하다 stand - stood - stood : (자) 위치하다 situate - situated - situated : (타) ~에 위치하다 fall - fell - fallen : (자) 떨어지다 fell - felled - felled : (타) ~을 넘어뜨리다 shine - shone - shone : (자) 빛나다 shine - shined - shined : (타) 비추다 shine-shone-shone  :(타)/(자) 빛나다/비추다   shine-shined-shined :(타) (구두를) 닦다 Find-found-found :찿다 Found – founded– founded :설립하다 borrow  (vt)/(vi) 빌리다 lend    (vt) 빌려주다 loan    (vt) 빌리다/대부하다 arise   (vi) 생겨나다 arouse (vt) 깨우다/자극하다 rouse  (vt) 깨우다/정신이 들게 하다